Julius Caesar as a Person

The string of roman type conflicting victories that began with the Punic Wars of the 3rd Century BC had by the coevals before Caesar's birth produced two fundamental political and mixer crises. The dislocations of war had t lay offed to ruin smaller farmers, turning Italy into a devour of dispossessed paupers or debt-burdened peasants on the one hand and immensely rich landowners on the other. The latter dominated the thoroughly oligarchical structure of the Roman Republic. At the same time, political top executive remained concentrated in Rome itself, the other Italians remaining in effect disenfranchised "allies," though all of Italy was the recruiting ground of Roman armies.

in the midst of 134 BC and 122 BC, two noble Roman brothers, the Gracchi, attempted to uphold through land reforms and a "new deal" in Rome (Fuller 22-23). They were suppressed by the aristocratic faction, and the social tensions increased. Later, amongst 90 BC and 78 BC, Rome's Italian "allies" revolted, and though the Romans won the resulting civil war (called the "social war," from Latin socii allies), Roman citizenship was extended to other Italians as a necessary peacekeeping operation and military-recruiting measure (29-36).

Moreover, not long before Caesar's birth, the Roman general Marius had carried out a sweeping reform of the Roman military system (Fuller 25). Previous to this time, the Roman army had been organized as a militia, based on

He secured his position there, in part by enlarging the Senate, " backpacking" it with his supporters--including some Gauls, to the horror of conservative Romans (Garnsey and Saller, 107). He then moody to the East, where occupied the virtually famous episode of his life, his relationship with Cleopatra, the Ptolemy ottoman of Egypt (Kahn 371ff). This is commonly presented as a simple dalliance, and Cleopatra as history's most famous Bad Girl. In fact she was a satisfactory queen, and Egypt of vast political importance -- the one important Mediterranean power not subjected to Rome.

Caesar solved this problem by move back regular dispatches on his actions, dispatches which were then organized unneurotic to form De Bello Gallico, his famous account of the Gallic War.

It is still regularly used to teach Latin. It also admirably served Caesar's immediate resolve of keeping his successes before the Roman public eye.

Fuller, J. F. C. Julius Caesar: Man, Soldier, and Tyrant. Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1965.

Nevertheless, his enemies became solution in Rome, and when his proconsulship -- and legal control of his army -- ended, Caesar was in a most dangerous situation, left at the mercifulness of the optimates. He solved the problem by crossing the point of no return river -- the border between Italy and his province -- and marching to Rome at the head of his army in 49 BC (Kahn 321ff). It was a flagrant violation of the law, but opposition was ineffectual, and by year's end Caesar was master of Rome.

Yavetz, Zwi. Julius Caesar and his Public Image. London: and Hudson, 1983.

In 67 BC, when he was in his middle thirties, Caesar was elected to his first important superpower in Rome, that of quaestor. From the beginning of his active political career, Caesar tended to align himself with the broader humanity against the "optimates," or wealthiest members of the old oligarchy (Kahn 101).

Two main points can be raised in Caesar's defense. The first is that the cha
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