The Long-Term Effects of Nicotine

In the corpse, nicotine interacts with key nervous system receptors consisting of heterogeneous combinations of alpha and beta proteins. This facilitates the exclude of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, glutamate, and serotonin. The habituation produced is similar to that of opiates and cocaine (Johnson, move up & Westman, 1999). Pharmacologically, the nicotine produces feelings of pleasure, arousal, and relaxation, amd may improve charge and reaction time in addicted individuals. Also, the use of nicotine reduces fretting and stress, relieves hunger, and prevents weight gain (Hunter et al., 1994). The cast out egresss of the drug allow in increased blood pressure, marrow rate, coronary vasoconstriction, and the production of carboxyhemoglobin, which reduces the pitching of oxygen in the body (Ferry, Joseph, Norman, & Prochazka, 1996).\n\nNot only does nicotine effect the body biologically, but it has honorable psychoactive effects as we ll. These psychoactive effects shake the smoking carriages conduct to be reinforced, both positively and negatively. The positive payoff (which causes the smoker to expect to smoke) involves the stimulation of the nicotine receptors, which promotes higher(prenominal) rates of self-administration of the drug. The negative reinforcement (which causes the smoker to not want to not smoke) is in the seduce of withdrawal symptoms produced by chronic use. Smokers also associate the congenial effects of smoking mentioned previously with the taste, smell, and feel of the smoke in their throat, as well as the manipulation of the smoking materials. This is called conditioning, which is the major(ip) cause of relapse at a time smoking cessation has occurred (Hunter et al.).\n\nIn order for an individual to forswear smoking, the psychological, behavioral, and physical components of addiction must be considered so that an hard-hitting treatment plan bear be developed. The most flour ishing approaches involve a combina...