Compare and Contrast Death of a Naturalist, An Advancement of Learning

Compare and Contrast Death of a Naturalist, An Advancement of Learning and The Early Purges.In this essay I am going to discuss Death of a Naturalist, AnAdvancement of Learning and The Early Purges by Seamus Heaney. Iwill focus on the similarities and differences between these poetrys interms of what they are roughly, their language and themes.The first disclose of the three poems by Heaney that I have studied isDeath of a Naturalist. This poem is well-nigh Heaney as a young child,exploring a field. He comes across frogspawn and remembers when histeacher would tell him about how the Daddy frog was called a bullfrog, and how the momma frog laid hundreds of little eggs and thiswas frogspawn. Heaney then writes about when he used to steal thefrog spawn and put it into a jam quiver for school, and how he wouldwatch them grow into tadpoles. When he finishes describing what hedid, Heaney starts a new stanza. The mood changes in stanza in thisstanza. Heaney describes the frogs as angr y, and that they werecroaking in a guidance he had never heard The air was thick with a basschorus. Heaney claims in the poem, that the frogs were angry at himfor stealing the frogspawn when he was younger. Heaney sickened,turned and ran. The second poem entitled An Advancement ofLearning. This poem is about Heaney taking a walk along an embankmentand coming across a rat that was crawling out of the river. Heaneywrites I turned down the path in cold sweat. However he comes acrossanother rat. Heaney claims that the rat was staring at him, perniciously listening. He describes the rat having raindrop eyes.Heaney stares back at the rat forgetting how he used to panic whenhe lived on a farm. The rat ... ...In conclusion, the important similarities between the three poems are inthe language used. By this I mean that of particular phrases such aswar words and the usage of similes and alliteration and the fact thatthey are all about animals and fear. The main differences are thatThe Ear ly Purges is a different structure to the other two poems. Ihave learnt about parts of Seamus Heaneys childhood and his copingwith fear. I have also learnt different techniques to use in poems,for example alliteration. I have enjoyed the excitement Heaney buildsup in each poem. My favourite poem is An Advancement of Learningbecause I can understand and picture everything Heaney describes. Alsoit is my most preferred poem repayable to the fact I can relate toconfronting a fear and not having a path to turn to and then the fearswam away from me, so I can relate to the story.

Midevial Cooking :: essays research papers fc

Cooking in the medieval times was performed on very big scale, and food was cheap and plentiful. Foreign goods had to be bought at the nigh large town. Food trade was a primary business. It was also a way of determining class. The nobles would eat meat, white kail, pastries, and drink wine. This sort of diet caused many another(prenominal) health problems, such as skin troubles, digestive disorders, infections from decomposed proteins, scurvy, and tooth decay. A peasant would eat porridge, turnips, dark bread, and in the north they would drink beer or ale. Women were the expert cooks, and they season their food heavily with pepper, cloves, garlic, cinnamon, vinegar, and wine. They paid close attention to the appearance of their meal. For instance, they might spread the feathers of a peacock that they are serving. Also, if a the eggs of a bastinado didnt make it yellow enough, they would add saffron (saffron is orange of yellow powder obtained from the stigmas of the saffron flo wer). Meat was expensive, so it was considered a luxury. This made butchers prosperous. The most familiar and least expensive was sheep. They would also eat birds gulls, herons, storks, swans, cranes, cormorants, and vultures, just to name a few. Animals were cut up immediately after killing and salted to be preserved. more or less meat was boiled because it the animals were wild, and the meat was sure to be tough. Also, almonds were often cooked with the meat for flavor. Fish was also popular. Part of this was because the church required that you eat fish on Fridays. Fish was often cooked in ale. People spent more on bread and grain then anything else, even though England had a national bread tax, which fixed the price of bread. Pastries were expensive because sugar was an import. Because medical opinion advised that fruit shouldnt be eaten raw, it was preserved in honey and cooked into pastries. Almonds were often cooked into pastries as well. Fruit was more wild back then than it is today, so it may have been more flavorful. Most people grew their own vegetables. Also, many people owned their own cow and made cheese with its milk. They would sell most of the cheese at the local market. Only gentleman had wine, which was often diluted with water or mixed with honey, ginger, or cinnamon to sweeten it. The only hot drink that they had in those days was mulled wine, and that was served only at festivities.

Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby and the Tragic Hero Essay -- Great Gats

Fitzgeralds The vast Gatsby and the Tragic Hero Aristotle invented a list of criteria in an attempt to determine the exact translation of a tragical hero. The list states the following - the tragic hero must cause his own down fall the tragic heros fate is undeserved the tragic heros punishment exceeds his crime the tragic hero must be a great and noble person according to the standards of the current society. In Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby, Jay Gatsby fuck be defined as a tragic hero who possesses all of the aforementioned traits. Jay Gatsbys main desire in life is to become a particle of high society, respected more than anyone else. Gatsby has taken steps to ensure that this desire becomes a reality. He has accumulated wealth, power, and influence, all in an attempt to create the scintillation image of a successful man. Although Gatsbys friend Nick is inclined to reserve all judgements (1), Gatsby is a strong, unselfish patternist. Gatsby is a romantic dreamer who wishe s to fulfill his ideal by gaining wealth in hopes of impressing and eventually winning the heart of the mat... ...his vision, until his death. Daisy indirectly causes Gatsbys death, making her more than ever, unworthy of Gatsbys affections. Ironically, Gatsby lived for Daisy and up to his death, believed and had faith in her and his vision. Works Cited Dillon, Andrew. The Great Gatsby The Vitality of Illusion. The Arizona Quarterly 44 Spr. 1988 49-61. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York Macmillan Publishing Company, 1992. Irwin, John T. Compensating Visions The Great Gatsby. Southwest Review 77 Autumn 1992 536-545.

George MacDonalds The Princess and the Goblin :: MacDonald Princess Goblin Essays

George MacDonalds The Princess and the Goblin The moon has been worshipped as a female deity since the beginning of time. Not only is the moon a feminine principle, it is besides a symbol of transformation due to its own monthly cycle of change. With this in mind, it is clear upon a close reading of The Princess and the Goblin by George MacDonald that the gran figure is a personification of the moon, and as such is a catalyzing agent for Irenes maturation and transformation through the course of the novel. Taking this a step further, the aged Irene contains the triadfold aspect of the Moon Goddess. She is Artemis, Selene, and Hecate the crescent moon, the just moon, and the dark moon maiden, mother, and crone (Rush, 149).Due to the three-fold nature of the grandmother, one can break this story into three parts. It begins with Hecate the Dark Moon and crone, moves to Artemis the crescent moon and maiden, and ends with Selene the full moon and the mother. After interacting with ea ch of these aspects, Irene undergoes a significant transformation which ultimately leads her to the next aspect. This many-sided structure is prevalent in folklore.Irene encounters Hecate the Dark Moon in her first two visits to her grandmother. This image of the grandmother is reinforced in two ways in Irenes encounter with her. First, her physical description matches the dark aspect, she was bring downed in black velvet with thick white heavy-looking lace about it and on the black dress her hair shone like silver(MacDonald, 13). Silver is the metal associated with the moon (Jobes 119). In addition, as Hecate is one of the caretakers of children (Stapleton, 89) and in the second scene with the grandmother, while she is still Hecate, she heals Irenes wound thumb. However, there is a much more subtle way in which the grandmother is developed as being Hecate. Since Hecate is the moon before, she has risen and after she has set, (Jobes 1120) thus the dark aspect of the grandmother in her first two scenes demonstrates that Irene is still in the dark period before her major transformation, before being brought into full illumination.Despite being within the dark aspect, Irene still benefits from her first encounter with her grandmother and thus undergoes a small change. Due to meeting her grandmother, Irene realizes that sometimes it is acute to keep her own counsel.

Ontomorph: Mind Meets The World :: Philosophy Science Papers

Ontomorph Mind Meets The WorldChunking of the world as d champion by the mind depends on how the world is. The world is one object, but not a simple one. Morphological content is just right to allow organisms which move in the world to perform the appropriate dynamical chunking, which from the perspective of the higher(prenominal) cognition may appear to consist of several separate objects. Embracing nonreductionism is desirable because organisms are trip of the world. At bottom, there is nothing else other than somatic stuff. But it is possible, and indeed it is true, that the sensual stuff is very richly twistd. One kind of physical stuff are things such as minds. The intricate structure of minds, particularly the complicated topography of their multidimensional space is ultimately responsible for qualitative experiences and consequently for the hard problems of consciousness. As the space of morphological content is itself a part of the physical world, it can begin to throw li ght on this problem and primarily at the qualitative states as products of encounter of one form of physical stuff, organisms, with the rest of the physical stuff around them. Some surfaces of the world are moulded and shaped in their encounter other surfaces in the world. But the world has galore(postnominal) dimensions some surfaces are richer than others. The purpose of the shaping is the tacit expectation of further encounters with surfaces in the world. I. Bringing Ontology Of The World And Cognition TogetherThe issues of ontology and cognition are tackled in a separate manner. As I try to think about the issues in cognition, I try to exclude the issues about how the world is is an often pick out attitude.This does not mean that investigation of the mind would be extraneous to ontological questions. Quite to the contrary. A respectable contemporary philosopher would normally adopt physicalism as a hypothesis about the mind, thus embracing a materialist ontology. A materialis t treats organisms possessing mind as parts of the physical world. The way how the problem is posited then generates a question about the persisting explanatory gap, or about the reductionist hard problem All in being treated as a part of the world, organisms possessing mind still differ from the World in that they have consciousness consisting of qualitative experiences which are not reducible to the physical World. So one may wish to be a nonreductionist concerning the ontology of mind.

Ontomorph: Mind Meets The World :: Philosophy Science Papers

Ontomorph Mind Meets The WorldChunking of the creation as done by the mind depends on how the world is. The world is one object, just not a simple one. Morphological content is just right to allow organisms which move in the world to per random variable the appropriate dynamical chunking, which from the thought of the higher cognition may appear to consist of several separate objects. Embracing nonreductionism is desirable because organisms ar part of the world. At bottom, there is nothing else separate than physical stuff. But it is possible, and indeed it is true, that the physical stuff is very richly structured. One kind of physical stuff are things such as minds. The intricate structure of minds, particularly the complicated topography of their multidimensional space is ultimately responsible for qualitative experiences and consequently for the hard problems of consciousness. As the space of morphological content is itself a part of the physical world, it can begin to thro w light on this problem and primarily at the qualitative states as products of encounter of one form of physical stuff, organisms, with the rest of the physical stuff around them. Some surfaces of the world are moulded and shaped in their encounter other surfaces in the world. But the world has many dimensions some surfaces are richer than others. The purpose of the shaping is the tacit expectation of further encounters with surfaces in the world. I. Bringing Ontology Of The World And Cognition TogetherThe issues of ontology and cognition are tackled in a separate manner. As I try to think about the issues in cognition, I try to exclude the issues about how the world is is an ofttimes adopted attitude.This does not mean that investigation of the mind would be extraneous to ontological questions. Quite to the contrary. A respectable contemporary philosopher would normally adopt materialism as a hypothesis about the mind, thus embracing a materialist ontology. A materialist treats o rganisms possessing mind as parts of the physical world. The way how the problem is posited and so generates a question about the persisting explanatory gap, or about the reductionist hard problem All in being treated as a part of the world, organisms possessing mind still differ from the World in that they have consciousness consisting of qualitative experiences which are not reducible to the physical World. So one may wish to be a nonreductionist concerning the ontology of mind.

The Effects of Internet Addiction to Lifestyle and Dietary Behavior

keep Research and Practice (Nutr Res Pract) 20104(1)51-57 DOI 10. 4162/nrp. 2010. 4. 1. 51 The effects of network dependance on the life-style and fodderary behavior of Korean adolescents Yeonsoo Kim *, Jin Young Park *, Sung Byuk Kim , In-Kyung Jung , Yun Sook Lim and Jung-Hyun Kim 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 4School of Human Ecology, Nutrition and nutrimentetics Program, Louisiana Tech University, LA 71272 USA Graduate train of Education, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea 3 Ministry for wellness, Welfare and Family Affairs, Seoul 110-793, Korea 4 Department of Home Economics Education, Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 156-756, Korea 5 Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea Abstract We per nominateed this study to examine lifestyle patterns and alimentary behavior ground on the direct of net colony of Korean adolescents.Data were collected from 853 Korean junior lavishly indoctrinate students. The level of network dependency was fit(p) based on the Korean net income colony self- photographic plate short form for youth, and students were classified as uncollectible meshwork substance abusers, potential- seek network users, and no put on the line internet users. The associations between the students levels of net income dependency and lifestyle patterns and dietetical behavior were analyze using a chi-square test. Ir well-ordered bedtimes and the use of alcohol and baccy were high(prenominal) in unsound profits users than no take a chance net users.Moreover, in high-risk profits users, freedom fighter dietary behavior due to the loss of craving, a high frequency of skipping meals, and snacking might cause imbalances in nutritional intake. Diet tonicity in high-risk Internet users was spendthriftly worse than in potential-risk Internet users and no risk Internet users. We demonst measured in this study that high-risk Internet users have inappropriate dietary behavior and unretentive diet quality, which could result in stunted growth and festering.Therefore, nutrition education targeting high-risk Internet users should be conducted to ensure proper growth and rearment. Key Words Internet addiction, dietary behavior, diet quality, adolescents Introduction8) The Internet has become an important tool for social interaction, information, and entertainment 1. However, as the Internet has moved into homes, schools, Internet cafes, and businesses, the prevalence of Internet addiction has been increasing rapidly. Internet addiction is characterized as poorly controlled Internet use, and send away lead to impulse-control disorders 2.Recently, Internet addiction, especially among adolescents, has been recognized as an important social issue in sundry(a) countries because of the high prevalence of depression, aggressive behavior, psychiatric symptoms, and interpersonal problems associated with this addiction 3,4. The incidence of Internet addiction in ado lescents was estimated to be approximately 11% in chinaware 2, 8% in Greece 5, and 18. 4% in Korea 1. Adolescents are more vulnerable to Internet addiction than self-aggrandizings, and the social performance, psychology, and lifestyle habits of Internet addicts can be unnatural by this addiction 6.Numerous cross-sectional studies have shown that Internet addiction has an adverse effect on several lifestyle-related factors in adolescents it can result in irregular dietary habits, extended periods of time spent on the Internet 7, physical inactivity, short duration of repose 2, and increased use of alcohol and baccy 2,8,9. Some studies have report that the budge in lifestylerelated factors caused by heavy Internet use could have an adverse refer on the growth and development of Internet addicts 2,7. Nutritional status also plays a crucial role in growth and development during adolescence.Several studies have shown that malnutrition or unbalanced nutritional intake can reduce we ight gain and decrease leg length in adolescents 9,10. Optimal nutrition is therefore important for adolescents to grow and develop properly. Moreover, once dietary habits are formed during childhood, they tend to be carried on throughout adulthood, thus teaching adolescents to develop healthy sweep awaying habits is of critical importance 11. Numerous studies have showed associations between Internet addiction and mental health problems, such as depression and psychiatric symptoms, among adolescents.However, information on the effects of Internet addiction on the dietary behavior of * Yeonsoo Kim and Jin Young Park are Co-first authors. Corresponding Author Jung-Hyun Kim, Tel. 82-2-820-5278, Fax. 82-2-817-7304, Email. emailprotected ac. kr Received November 17, 2009, Revised February 16, 2010, Accepted February 16, 2010 ? 2010 The Korean Nutrition Society and the Korean Society of Community Nutrition This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Co mmons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http//creativecommons. rg/licenses/by-nc/3. 0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 52 The effect of Internet addiction on dietary behavior adolescents is limited. Therefore, in this study, we examined the dietary behavior of Korean adolescents according to their level of Internet addiction. income per month, and the education level of the parents. A lifestyle habit questionnaire assessed the regularity of bedtime, sleep disturbance, and the use of alcohol and tobacco. dietetical behaviors and diet quality The dietary behavior questionnaire assessed recent changes in meal size, appetite, eating speed, frequency and reasons for skipping meals, and the frequency, type, and reasons for snacking. Diet quality was assessed by a 10-item mini-dietary judicial decision power. The mini-dietary sagacity index was used to assess overall dietary qua lity based on the 2005 Dietary Guidelines and Food Tower for Koreans 13. This index includes four feed groups that should be consumed, four food groups that limited amounts of should be consumed, and two items regarding varied and regular diet.Responses to food items of which sufficient amounts should be consumed were reported using a 5-point Likert scale where 1=seldom, 3=sometimes, and 5=always. Responses to food items of which limited quantities should be consumed were also reported using a 5-point Likert scale where 1=always, 3=sometimes, and 5=seldom. The uttermost possible pip for diet quality is 50. In this study, diet quality was defined as good if the hit score was greater than or come to to 30 14. Statistical analyses All analyses were performed with a significance level of ? =0. 05 using the SPSS software package version 12. (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA). Relationships between levels of Internet addiction and socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle patterns, and dietary behavior were analyzed using the chi-square test. The relationship between dietary quality and level of Internet addiction based on the self-scale rating system were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Duncans multiple range test for multiple comparisons. Subjects and Methods Subjects This cross-sectional study included 1,000 adolescents from grades 7 through 9 living in Seoul, Korea. Of 1,000 participants, 800 students were recruited from eight junior high schools.The remaining 200 subjects were recruited from the Korean Youth Counseling Institute (KYCI), where they had been diagnosed and were being treated as Internet addicts. The study was conducted from October 2008 to November 2008. The Institutional Review Board of Chung-Ang University (Seoul, Korea) deemed this study exempt from the requirement for informed consent. Of the 1,000 surveys administered and collected, 147 were excluded due to incomplete responses and difficulty in assessing the level of Internet addi ction, thus a total of 853 samples were analyzed in this study.Korean Internet addiction test (KS scale) Internet addiction was evaluated using the Korean version of the Internet addiction self-scale short form (KS scale) for youth, which was developed by the Korea Agency for Digital Opportunity and Promotion 12. In brief, the KS scale for adolescents is a 20-item self-report questionnaire, consisting of six core components disturbance of workaday routines, self-esteem, withdrawal, virtual interpersonal relationship, deviant behavior, and tolerance.Response to each question is on 4-point Likert scale where 1 corresponds to not at all, 2 corresponds to sometimes, 3 corresponds to frequently, and 4 corresponds to always. The level of Internet addiction was categorized as either high-risk, potential-risk, or no risk based on the total score and the score for the three components of disturbance of daily routines, withdrawal, and tolerance. Subjects were classified as high-risk Internet users if their total score was the same or greater than 52, and/or if the score for disturbance of daily routine, withdrawal, and tolerance was greater than 16, 10, and 12, respectively.Subjects were classified as potential-risk Internet users if their total score was greater than or equal to 48 and particular than 52 and/or if their score for disturbance of daily routine, withdrawal, and tolerance was greater than 14, 9, and 11, respectively. Subjects were classified as no risk Internet users if their total score was slight than 48. Subject characteristics and lifestyle patterns The following socio-demographic characteristics of subjects were used in this analysis age at the time of recruitment, family ResultsGeneral characteristics of subjects The general characteristics of the participants and the relationships between the level of Internet addiction and general characteristics are provided in card 1. Subjects were between the ages of 13 and 15 years with a mean age of 14. 0 years. More boys were high-risk Internet users than girls (31. 4% vs. 14. 0%), and more girls were no risk Internet users than boys (74. 7% vs. 58. 9%). Younger adolescents were importantly more in all probability to be highrisk Internet users than honest-to-god adolescents (P 0. 001).Household monthly income was significantly related to the level of Internet addiction adolescents from households with a low monthly income ( 1,000 K won and 1,000 K-1,999 K won) were more likely to be high-risk Internet users (57. 5% and 31. 7%, respectively) Yeonsoo Kim et al. Table 1. Subject characteristics based on level of Internet addiction High risk (n=186) sexuality Boys Girls Age (years) 13 14 15 Monthly income (Korean Won)2) 1,000K 1,000K-1,999K 2,000K-2,999K 3,000K-3,999K ? 4,000K 53 say-so risk (n=90) 37 (9. 7) 53 (11. 3) 15 (7. 0) 46 (14. 5) 29 (9. 0) 3 (7. 5) 15 (12. 5) 25 (15. 8) 14 (7. 7) 28 (10. ) 28 (9. 7) 37 (10. 5) 17 (15. 2) 1 (4. 8) 41 (10. 4) 31 (10. 1) 9 (17. 3) 3 (13. 1 ) No risk (n=577) 225 (58. 9) 352 (74. 7) 126 (59. 2) 213 (67. 2) 238 (73. 7) 14 (35. 0) 67 (55. 8) 98 (62. 0) 139 (76. 4) 205 (74. 3) 183 (63. 1) 254 (72. 2) 78 (69. 6) 8 (30. 1) 261 (66. 2) 220 (71. 9) 36 (69. 2) 9 (39. 1) Total (n=853) 382 (100. 0) 471 (100. 0) 213 (100. 0) 317 (100. 0) 323 (100. 0) 40 (100. 0) 120 (100. 0) 158 (100. 0) 182 (100. 0) 276 (100. 0) 290 (100. 0) 352 (100. 0) 112 (100. 0) 21 (100. 0) 394 (100. 0) 306 (100. 0) 52 (100. 0) 23 (100. 0) P-value 0. 001 120 (31. 4)1) 66 (14. 0) 72 (33. 8) 58 (18. 3) 56 (17. ) 23 (57. 5) 38 (31. 7) 35 (22. 2) 29 (15. 9) 43 (15. 6) 79 (27. 2) 61 (17. 3) 17 (15. 2) 12 (57. 1) 92 (22. 4) 55 (18. 0) 7 (13. 5) 11 (47. 8) 0. 001 0. 001 captures education High school graduate & under College graduate Graduate school graduate Others Mothers education High school graduate & under College graduate Graduate school graduate Others 1) 0. 001 0. 008 N (%) 2) 1,250 Korean won = 1US dollar Table 2. KS-scale scores based on the level of Internet addiction Components Disturbance of daily routine Self-esteem Withdrawal Virtual interpersonal relationship Deviant behavior Tolerance Total 1) 2) maximal score 24 4 16 12 8 16 80 High risk (n=186) 14. 97 3. 21 1)a2) a a Potential risk (n=90) 13. 90 3. 25 1. 69 0. 84 4. 56 1. 89 3. 93 1. 46 8. 76 2. 64 5. 22 2. 21 b b c No risk (n=577) 9. 32 2. 21 1. 32 0. 61 5. 49 1. 50 3. 78 1. 41 2. 87 1. 07 5. 90 2. 04 c c Total (n=853) 11. 04 3. 59 1. 60 0. 85 6. 88 2. 82 4. 62 2. 58 3. 48 1. 55 7. 23 3. 07 34. 90 11. 48 2. 41 0. 94 7. 23 2. 54 10. 56 2. 59 5. 16 1. 53 b c c c c a a a a b b b b 10. 61 2. 97 50. 95 8. 41 41. 06 5. 29 28. 69 6. 36 Mean S.D Values with disparate superscript letters within a row are significantly different after Duncans multiple range test (P 0. 05). than adolescents from households with a higher monthly income. Adolescents from households with high monthly incomes (3,000K-3,999K won and ? 4,000K won) were more likely to be no risk Internet users (76. 4% and 74. 3%, respectively). Parents educational status also affected the level of Internet addiction. High-risk Internet users had parents whose highest level of education was high school graduation or less (27. 2% in bugger off and 22. 4% in mother, respectively).In contrast, a high proportion of no risk Internet users had parents who were college graduates (72. 2% in father and 71. 9% in mother, respectively). KS-scale score The total KS-scale score and the scores of the six components of the KS-scale are presented in Table 2. High-risk Internet users had significantly higher total KS-scale scores and scores for the six main components than potential-risk Internet users and no risk Internet users (P 0. 05). Lifestyle patterns Lifestyle patterns, including bedtime, sleep disturbance, alcohol use, and tobacco use according to the level of Internet addiction are shown in Table 3.No risk Internet users had regular bedtime patterns (10. 4% always had a r egular bedtime and 41. 8% often had a regular bedtime) while high-risk Internet users complained of irregular bedtime patterns (13. 6% reported often irregular bedtimes and 11. 4% reported always irregular bedtimes). Both high- and potential-risk Internet users suffered from sleep disturbances (81. 1% and 76. 7%, respectively). Similarly, 66% of 54 The effect of Internet addiction on dietary behavior Table 5. Snacking patterns based on the level of Internet addiction P-value Skipping breakfast 20 (10. 9)1) 15 (16. ) 49 (26. 6) 60 (10. 4) 95 (11. 2) 0. 001 Yes No Skipping Lunch Yes No Skipping Dinner Yes No Oversleep No appetite Indigestion Snacking before a meal Weight loss Saving money Lack of time Habit Others ? 3 times/day Table 3. Lifestyle patterns based on the level of Internet addiction High risk (n=186) Bedtime Always regular Often regular 25 (27. 8) 241 (41. 8) 315 (37. 0) 30 (33. 3) 229 (39. 7) 328 (38. 5) 14 (15. 6) 6 (6. 7) 32 (5. 5) 15 (2. 6) 71 (8. 3) 42 (4. 9) Potent ial risk (n=90) No risk (n=577) Total (n=853) High risk (n=186) Potential risk (n=90) No risk (n=577) Total (n=853)P-value 0. 683 88 (47. 3) 1) 43 (48. 3) 228 (40. 1) 359 (42. 6) 46 (51. 7) 340 (59. 9) 484 (57. 4) 0. 177 6 (6. 8) 34 (6. 0) 56 (6. 7) 0. 049 98 (52. 7) 16 (8. 6) Neither regular or 69 (37. 5) irregular Often irregular Always irregular Sleep disturbance Yes No Alcohol use Yes No Tobacco use Yes No 1) 25 (13. 6) 21 (11. 4) 170 (91. 4) 82 (93. 2) 531 (94. 0) 783 (93. 3) 38 (20. 4) 15 (17. 1) 80 (14. 1) 133 (17. 0) 150 (81. 1) 69 (76. 7) 278 (48. 3) 497 (58. 4) 0. 001 35 (18. 9) 21 (23. 3) 298 (51. 7) 354 (41. 6) 148 (79. 6) 73 (82. 9) 486 (85. 9) 707 (82. 8) 49 (28. 3) 34 (19. 7) 6 (3. ) 8 (4. 6) 10 (5. 6) 2 (2. 9) 25 (14. 5) 18 (10. 4) 18 (10. 4) 29 (15. 8) 51 (27. 7) 86 (55. 5) 4 (2. 6) 21 (13. 5) 22 (26. 2) 112 (21. 3) 183 (23. 4) 20 (23. 8) 122 (23. 2) 176 (22. 5) 6 (7. 1) 5 (6. 0) 8 (9. 5) 0 (0. 0) 6 (7. 1) 7 (8. 3) 13 (14. 4) 29 (5. 5) 21 (4. 0) 38 (7. 2) 2 (0. 4) 40 (7. 6) 44 (8. 4) 55 (9. 7) 41 (5. 2) 34 (4. 3) 56 (7. 2) 7 (0. 9) 64 (8. 2) 69 (8. 8) 97 (11. 5) 0. 004 0. 026 Reasons for meal skipping 123 (66. 5) 58 (64. 4) 252 (43. 7) 433 (50. 8) 0. 001 62 (33. 5) 97 (52. 4) 88 (47. 6) 32 (35. 6) 325 (56. 3) 419 (49. 2) 28 (31. 1) 90 (15. 6) 215 (25. 2) 0. 01 62 (68. 9) 897 (84. 4) 637 (74. 8) N (%) Table 4. Recent changes in dietary habits based on the level of Internet addiction High risk (n=186) Changes in meal size Increased Decreased No change Changes in appetite Worse Bad No change Better Do not know Fast Average Slow Irregular 1) 10 (11. 9) 118 (22. 4) 153 (19. 5) Potential risk (n=90) No risk (n=577) Total (n=853) P-value Frequency of snacking 1-2/day 104 (56. 5) 65 (72. 2) 396 (69. 8) 565 (67. 2) 12 (13. 3) 116 (20. 5) 179 (21. 3) 50 (60. 2) 239 (47. 2) 375 (50. 4) 4 (4. 8) 8 (9. 6) 38 (7. 5) 46 (6. 2) 73 (14. 4) 102 (13. 7) 0. 245 4 (29. 0)1) 29 (32. 2) 164 (28. 6) 247 (29. 1) 62 (33. 3) 70 (37. 6) 25 (13. 4) 30 (16. 1) 72 (38. 7 ) 17 (9. 1) 42 (22. 6) 64 (34. 4) 71 (38. 2) 32 (17. 2) 19 (10. 2) 20 (22. 2) 127 (22. 2) 209 (24. 6) 41 (45. 6) 282 (49. 2) 393 (46. 3) 7 (7. 8) 11 (12. 2) 8 (8. 9) 21 (3. 7) 53 (6. 2) 0. 019 None Snack items Confectionery Soda 0. 001 80 (13. 9) 121 (14. 2) 78 (13. 6) 103 (12. 1) 43 (47. 8) 254 (44. 2) 369 (43. 4) 21 (23. 3) 142 (24. 7) 205 (24. 1) 37 (41. 1) 173 (30. 0) 274 (32. 2) 33 (36. 7) 271 (47. 0) 375 (44. 0) 11 (12. 2) 109 (18. 9) 152 (17. 8) 9 (10. 0) 23 (4. 0) 51 (6. 0) 0. 002Ttokbokki, rameon, fried foods Fast foods Fruits Milk Others Hunger Lack of time for a meal Habit Boredom loving event Others 1) 12 (7. 7) 14 (9. 0) 15 (9. 7) 3 (1. 9) 86 (46. 7) 10 (5. 4) 28 (15. 2) 33 (17. 9) 17 (9. 2) 10 (5. 4) 3 (3. 6) 9 (10. 8) 8 (9. 6) 1 (1. 2) 26 (5. 1) 61 (12. 1) 55 (10. 9) 14 (2. 8) 41 (5. 5) 84 (11. 3) 78 (10. 5) 18 (2. 4) 0. 057 Changes in eating speed Reasons for snacking 46 (51. 1) 319 (55. 6) 451 (53. 2) 1 (1. 1) 22 (24. 4) 14 (15. 6) 5 (5. 6) 2 (2. 2) 30 (5. 2) 41 (4 . 8) N (%) 79 (13. 8) 129 (15. 2) 98 (17. 1) 145 (17. 1) 34 (5. 9) 14 (2. 4) 56 (6. 6) 26 (3. 1) igh-risk Internet users and 64% of potential-risk Internet users had used alcohol. Fifty-two percent of high-risk Internet users had used tobacco while only 15. 6% of no risk Internet users had used tobacco. Dietary behavior and diet quality Recent changes in eating habits among adolescents are provided in Table 4. More of high-risk Internet users answered that their dietary habits had been changed to have puny meal sizes, a poor appetite, and irregular eating speeds than no risk Internet users (P=0. 019, 0. 001, and 0. 002, respectively). High-risk Internet N (%) users had a high prevalence of skipping dinner (Table 5).High-risk Internet users snacked frequently, often snacking more than three times per day (15. 8% vs. 9. 7 % for no risk Internet users). Favorite snacks and reasons for snacking were not significantly different among adolescents based on levels of Internet addiction. D iet quality based on levels of Internet addiction is shown Yeonsoo Kim et al. Table 6. Diet quality based on the level of Internet addiction High risk (n=186) Potential risk (n=90) No risk (n=577) 3. 40 1. 52b Total (n=853) 3. 25 1. 58 1) 55 I eat more than one 2. 72 1. 722)a3) 3. 36 1. 36b serving of milk or dairy products every day.I eat several servings of heart, fish, egg, bean, or bean curd every day. I eat vegetables and Kimchi every meal. I eat one serving of harvesting or fruit juice every day. I eat three meals a day on a regular basis. I eat a variety of foods every day. I eat fried or stir-fried foods most of the time. I eat fatty meat most of the time. I add table salt or soy sauce to foods most of the time. I eat ice cream, cake, and/or drink soda between meals. Total 1) 2. 86 1. 50a 3. 04 1. 48a 3. 35 1. 41b 3. 21 1. 44 2. 83 1. 63a 2. 91 1. 69a 3. 11 1. 48ab 3. 43 1. 45b 3. 38 1. 49b 3. 45 1. 55b 3. 26 1. 51 3. 32 1. 9 2. 58 1. 56a 2. 98 1. 63b 3. 32 1. 59c 3. 12 1. 62 2. 86 1. 60a 2. 85 1. 57a 2. 98 1. 48a 2. 78 1. 42a 3. 38 1. 45b 3. 35 1. 45b 3. 16 1. 42 3. 18 1. 49 2. 72 1. 50a 3. 26 1. 67a 2. 73 1. 50a 3. 07 1. 59a 3. 28 1. 56b 3. 53 1. 52b 3. 10 1. 58 3. 42 1. 57 2. 80 1. 72a 2. 80 1. 50a 3. 29 1. 54b 3. 13 1. 59 28. 38 6. 34a 30. 22 6. 79b 33. 75 6. 01c 32. 20 6. 57 Diet quality was assessed by using 10-item mini-dietary assessment index developed by Kim 14. Mean SD 3) Values with different superscript letters within a row are significantly different (P 0. 5) after Duncans multiple range test. 2) in Table 6. The diet quality of high-risk Internet users was significantly lower than that of potential-risk Internet users and no risk Internet users, respectively (P 0. 05). Discussion In this study, we demonstrated that high-risk Internet users eat smaller meals, have less of an appetite, skip meals, and snack more than their potential-risk and normal-risk Internet user counterparts. Moreover, t he diet quality of high-risk Internet users is poorer than that of potential-risk Internet users and no risk Internet users.The frequency of skipping dinner in high-risk Internet users was significantly higher than that in no risk Internet users. This finding is consistent with a study by Kim and Chun that reported a high incidence of meal skipping in Internet addicts 7. The high frequency of skipping dinner could be related to snacking more frequent snacking was observed in high-risk Internet users than no risk Internet users. Savige et al. also reported that adolescent heavy snackers skipped dinner more frequently than their non- or light-snacker adolescent counterparts 15.Moreover, the favorite snacks of our participants were confectionery and fast food, which are nutritionally poor foods with high calories provided by fats and simple sugars but with few other nutrients such as vitamins and minerals. Thus high-risk Internet users have improper dietary behaviors that could impact their growth and development. The quality of the diet of high-risk Internet users as measured using a mini-dietary assessment index was poor. The mini-dietary assessment index that we used is a Korean version of the Healthy Eating Index in which scores over 30 indicate a good quality diet.In high-risk Internet users, the average total score was 28. 38, which indicates an inappropriate diet quality. High-risk Internet users had the lowest meal regularity score, reflected by a higher rate of skipping dinner in high-risk Internet users than no risk Internet users. Moreover, high-risk Internet users did not consume enough milk and dairy products, meat and fish, and fruits and vegetables compared with no risk Internet users. Proper intake of milk and dairy products as major sources of calcium during childhood is crucial for achieving optimal peak turn out mass and maintaining and repairing bone tissue 16.In addition, low consumption of fruits and vegetables in high-risk Internet users s uggests low intake of vitamins, minerals, and fiber in these individuals. Vitamins and minerals play a crucial role in energy production, maintenance of bone health, adequate immune function, and protection against oxidative stress 17,18. Several studies have shown that proper fruit and vegetable intake can prevent health problems such as obesity and cardiovascular diseases 19-21.High-risk Internet users not only consumed too little of the recommended food groups they consumed more than the recommended daily quantities of fatty foods, fried foods, salt, and foods high in simple sugars. High fat and simple sugar intake increase the knock of being overweight or obese. Obese children and adolescents can have various adverse health outcomes, including diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome 22-24. Furthermore, obese children have a higher risk of cardiovascular mortality when they reach adulthood 22,23.The diet of high-risk Internet users, though it whitethorn meet their energy requirements, is lacking in nutritional value, and may therefore not support the growth spurt during adolescence and may cause nutrition-related health problems. High-risk Internet users drank and smoked more and had a poorer quality diet and higher frequency of meal skipping than no risk Internet users. Results from two cross-sectional studies on Korean high school students 8 and Taiwanese high school students 2 found a strong association between Internet addiction and high use of alcohol and tobacco.Alcohol and tobacco companies use the Internet to labour and advertise their products by using themes and icons of youth popular culture, games and contests, and commercially-sponsored websites and homepages 25. Therefore, because high-risk Internet users are more likely to be exposed to tobacco and alcohol advertisements, 56 The effect of Internet addiction on dietary behavior 4. Seo M, Kang HS, Yom YH. Internet addiction and interpersonal problems in Korean adolescents . Comput Inform Nurs 200927 226-33. 5. Siomos KE, Dafouli ED, Braimiotis DA, Mouzas OD, Angelopoulos NV.Internet addiction among Greek adolescent students. Cyberpsychol Behav 200811653-7. 6. Ha JH, Kim SY, Bae SC, Bae S, Kim H, Sim M, Lyoo IK, Cho SC. Depression and Internet addiction in adolescents. Psychopa thology 200740424-30. 7. Kim JS, Chun BC. sleeper of Internet addiction with health promotion lifestyle profile and perceived health status in adolescents. J Prev Med Public Health 20053853-60. 8. Choi K, Son H, Park M, Han J, Kim K, Lee B, Gwak H. Internet overuse and excessive daytime sleepiness in adolescents. Psychiatry Clin Neuosci 200963455-62. 9.Gunnell DJ, Smith GD, Frankel SJ, Kemp M, Peters TJ. Socioeconomic and dietary influences on leg length and trunk length in childhood a reanalysis of the Carnegie survey of diet and health in prewar Britain (1937-1939). Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 19981296-113. 10. Sachar RK, Singh H, Soni RK, Singh WP, Bhatia RC, Raizada N, Sing h B. A cross-sectional study of growth parameters of rural adolescent girls of Punjab. Indian J Matern Child Health 1997821-5. 11. Vadiveloo M, Zhu L, Quatromoni PA. Diet and physical activity patterns of school-aged children. J Am Diet Assoc 2009109 145-51. 12.Kim DI, Chung YJ, Lee EA, Kim DM, Cho YM. Development of Internet addiction proneness scale-short form (KS scale). The Korean Jounal of Counseling 200891703-22. 13. The Korean Nutrition Society. Dietary reference intakes for Koreans. Seoul KokJin Co. 2005. 14. Kim WY, Cho MS, Lee HS. Development and validation of mini dietary assessment index for Koreans. The Korean Journal of Nutrition 20033683-92. 15. Savige G, Macfarlane A, Ball K, Worsley A, Crawford D. Snacking behaviors of adolescents and their association with skipping meals. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2007436. 16. Petrie HJ, Stover EA, Horswill CA.Nutritional concerns for the child and adolescent competitior. Nutrition 200420620-31. 17. Wardlaw GM, Hampl JS. Perspectiv es in Nutrition. New York McGraw-Hill International Co. 2007. p. 295-463. 18. Omenn GS. Micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) as cancerpreventive agents. IARC Sci Publ 199613933-45. 19. Davis EM, Cullen KW, Watson KB, Konarik M, Radcliffe J. A fresh fruit and vegetable program improves high school students consumption of fresh produce. J Am Diet Assoc 20091091227-31. 20. Lorson BA, Melgar-Quinonez HR, Taylor CA. Correlates of fruit and vegetable intakes in US children.J Am Diet Assoc 2009 109474-8. 21. Miriran P, Noori N, Zavareh MB, Azizi F. Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Metabolism 200958460-8. 22. Berenson GS, Srinivasan SR, Bao W, Newman WP, Tracy RE, Wattigney WA. Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults. The Bogalusa Heart Study. N Engl J Med 19983381650-6. 23. Freedman DS, Dietz WH, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. The relation of overweight to cardiovascular risk facto rs among children and adolescents the Bogalusa Heart Study.Pediatrics they are more likely to drink and smoke than other Internet users. Furthermore, high frequency of use of tobacco and alcohol can exacerbate diet-related problems, because smoking and drinking are negatively associated with diet quality and dietary behaviors such as meal regularity 26,27. High-risk Internet users reported more irregular sleep patterns and more episodes of sleep disturbance than no risk Internet users. This is consistent with a previous study of Korean adolescents that showed that Internet addiction was associated with insomnia, apnea, and nightmare 8.In addition, sleep disturbance could increase the risk of mental health problems as well as substance abuse 6,28,29,30. Hence, high-risk Internet users are more likely to experience physical and mental health problems. This study has some limitations. First, this study was a cross-sectional study, therefore we could not confirm causal associations betw een Internet addiction and dietary behavior. Second, the questionnaire was self-reported. It is therefore possible that some of the adolescents may not have admitted to using alcohol and tobacco due to social restrictions, even though this study was anonymous.High-risk Korean adolescent Internet users had improper dietary behavior and a poorer diet quality than their no risk Internet counterparts. To ensure that the growth and development of high-risk Internet users is not adversely impacted, their diets should be supplemented with the nutrients that they are lacking. Interventions to improve both dietary behavior and treat Internet addiction may have synergistic health benefits. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that children should be educated as to what a balanced diet and optimum physical activity routine is to remain healthy and grow.Furthermore, the government should take an active role in designing and evaluating Internet addiction-related health intervention s trategies. Given the likely adverse effects of Internet addiction on adolescents development because of poor dietary behavior, it is critical to raise sentiency about Internet addiction. Close attention should be paid to students at risk of Internet addiction, as well as students at low risk to prevent them from becoming addicted to the Internet. References 1. Tsitsika A, Critselis E, Kormas G, Filippopoulou A, Tounissidou, Freskou A, Spiliopoulou T, Louizou A, Konstantoulaki E, Kafetzis D.Internet use and misuse a multivariate regression analysis of the predictive factors of Internet use among Greek adolescents. Eur J Pediatr 2009168655-65. 2. Lam LT, Peng ZW, Mai JC, Jing J. Factors associated with Internet addiction among adolescents. Cyberpsychol Behav 2009 121-5. 3. Ko CH, Yen JY, Liu SC, Huang CF, Yen CF. The associations between aggressive behaviors and Internet addiction and online activities in adolescents. J Adolesc Health 200944598-605. Yeonsoo Kim et al. 19991031175-82. 24. Kim HM, Park J, Kim HS, Kim DH, Park SH.Obesity and cardiovascular risk factors in Korean children and adolescents aged 10-18 years from the Korean National Health and Nutrition exam Survey, 1998 and 2001. Am J Epidemiol 2006164 787-93. 25. Levy JA, Strombeck R. Health benefits and risks of the Internet. Journal of Medical Systems 20026495-510. 26. Strine TW, Okoro CA, Chapman DP, Balluz LS, Ford ES, Ajani UA, Mokdad AH. Health-related quality of life and health risk behaviors among smokers. Am J Prev Med 200528182-7. 27. Teufel NI. Alcohol consumption and its effect on the dietary 57 patterns of Hualapai Indian women.Med Anthropol 19941679-97. 28. Roane BM, Taylor DJ. Adolescent insomnia as a risk factor for early adult depression and substance abuse. Sleep 2008311351-6. 29. Yen JY, Ko CH, Yen CF, Wu HY, Yang MJ. The comorbid psychiatric symptoms of Internet addiction Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, social phobia, and hostility. J Adolesc Heal th 20074193-8. 30. Yen CF, Ko CH, Yen JY, Chang YP, Cheng CP. Multidimensional discriminative factors for Internet addiction among adolescents regarding gender and age. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 200963357-64.

History of Childcare Essay

History of Childc ar Institutions and Qualifications During this essay I will be pop come out of the closetlining the history of child care institutions and dexteritys and how they bedevil actual in relation to the ineluctably of the rural, family needs and parlia mentary law. I will be looking at the following occupations implike nurses, governesses, nannies and nursery nurses and how qualifications sop up developed within these situations. I shall them to the qualifications of the present day and how gender and neighborly class get down impacted on these professions.Also I shall consider how the course content has changed to meet the demands of the ever changing role of the childcare worker and how it relates to my teaching pattern latestly and in the future. When focusing on childcare a fundamental showtime point is considering the role of the wet nurse and why she was popular and in demand. Wet nursing can date back as far as Moses. When the princess found baby Moses floating down the Nile she asked Miriam to find a wet nurse. In Ancient Egypt myopic women utilised to supplement their income by becoming wet nurses for the upper class citizens or mothers who could non produce enough milk.Contracts were drawn up between them to determine the wet nurse provided pricey milk preventing the wet nurse from nursing other children, having sex, or becoming pregnant (history-wet-nursing, 2011). In many cultures wet nurses were an ancient tradition, for example within the Chinese culture, before the Second World War, wet nursing was common practice.The Communists tried to outlaw the practice alone in the 21st century it has take a location symbol and due to the melamine milk scandal this ancient profession has seen a revival. Wet nurses in China forthwith m experiencediness go their own children, maintain a special diet, and undergo readiness in certain cases. Furthermore, if the babies that they nurse do non grow 20 grams each day, the wet nurses are fined by their wageers. (history-wet-nursing, 2011) During the prim era it was common place for the upper classes to employ a wet nurse as once more this was seen as a status symbol. separate reasons were that women of this era were usually married to authoritarian husbands who believed that breast feeding interfered with sex and the women themselves assumed that it would disfigure their breasts.Furthermore, during this term infant fatality rate was high and upper class families were sanctiond to devote large families to ensure the survival of an heir. Breast feeding provided a form of contraception and prevented ovulation thus, spacing out pregnancies. It wasnt uncommon for babies to be sent to a wet nurses home for 18 to 24 months in order for the mother to become pregnant again. Often a wet nurse could be feeding many children including their own ( slightly prison terms to their detriment) and was either paid as thoroughly as a labourer or received nothing at all.Morisot, The Wet prevail (1880) According to Valerie Fildes in that location were three types of wet nurses the parish nurse who took in parish infants and was usually receiving poor relief herself the nurses of the Lon acquire Foundling Hospital who worked under the supervision of inspectors the privately employed nurse, for whom wet-nursing was a significant and continuing occupation for which she received a ripe wage both in money and in kind often she was cared for by her nurse-children in later life and received the occasional bequest from them. (Fildes, 1988, p. 43)The qualities call for for a wet nurse by the Victorians were worked out in enormous detail. She should have an attractive face, clear eyes, well made nose, red mouth, white teething and a deep chest. The shape of her breasts was very important and their size shape and colour were all taken into account. She should as well as have a good personality, spill the beans well, not be pregnant or desire th e company of her husband. The reasons for these specific qualities were that it was thought that they would be transferred through the breast milk to the child (Fildes, 1988).By the warmheartedness of the 19th century wet nurses had virtually disappeared although isolated examples let off existed (Churchill had a wet nurse). Surprisingly, wet nursing is making a reappearance in society today, in that location are wet nursing agencies where mothers can employ a wet nurse. Within society today, a woman may choose this filling due to health reasons for example extreme illness or disease such(prenominal) as AIDS, an inability to produce breast milk or triple births. What is more, this privilege is quench confined to the upper and middle classes of society who have the means to commit.However, during the Victorian era this may have been seen as common practice but during this century it is quite often seen as a taboo subject,as pregnant mothers are break awayn information about the benefits of breastfeeding from health professionals who actively encourage new mothers to conform with this practice. Alongside this there is the pressure from government initiative and more detailed research, that are changing the ideology of society thinking dismissing the Victorian idea of wet nursing as a status symbol.When comparing the person specification of the wet nurse in the 19th century to todays wet nurses, it appears that there are some similarities such as being in good health, not smoking or consuming alcohol. Today, they are to a fault vetted and tested for transfer open diseases due to the fact more is understood about these by society and health professionals. Furthermore, wet nurses need to have a baby of a similar age in order for the milk to be of the right constitution and they would usually live or work in the employers home whereas previously they would have been taken to the wet nurses home.Following on from the wet nurse there is the emergence of nanni es. The history of nannies can be traced back as far as the seventeenth century. The English nanny was an institution and was most popular during the 18th century. She is often portrayed in books and films as a kind, gentle woman who children adored in fiction such as Jayne Eyre, Mary Poppins and more recently Nanny McFee. Before call foring developed nannies were often what were cognise as gentlewomen who had fallen on overweight time and had to substitute themselves.They saw being a nanny as a resolving power to their predicament. Not all nannies were kind, some were extremely cruel. The nanny usually had a great deal of power and responsibility within the home she had her own quarters to look after the children usually at the top of the house. The upper classes, employed nannies in order for them to continue their leisurely life style. Children at the time were in like manner viewed as they should be seen and not heard and parents left it to the nanny to have total care an d responsibility for their upbringing.Parents and spent a short time in the day with them accompanied by the nanny. The nanny would usually have a nursery maid to assist her who would do the menial tasks such as preparing meals and laundry. On the whole, nannies learned from other nannies and progression was usually nursery maid, nursemaid or under nurse, sometimes a period of working as a second nanny, and then finally a nanny in her own right. In 1892 the first facts of life college was set up by Emily Ward. She ran a take aim for young children in Norland Place and recognised the need for study.She was one of the earliest advocates of the Froebel system of teaching which was based on the approach that all children are natural good, and that to help them develop, adults need to provide the right environment and activities. These protect the child from learning bad habits of evil tendencies(Tassoni, 2006, p19). Emily Ward found that many of the students who went to her for tr aining were not academic and found the Froebel examination too difficult scorn her students being very practical and having a great love of children.Emily Ward recognised that if the students could be trained, not only would it benefit the children but would provide a new profession for girls of the educated classes. Students were charged a fee of thirty six pounds which cover six months training. The students were also expected to wear a uniform which Emily Ward thought would identify them as professionals and not have them mistaken for housemaids. This tinges me to believe that in the first place the role the nanny was seen for women to earn a respectable living when they found themselves to be in a financial predicament rather than needing a dinner gown qualification.However, during the latter stage of the 19th century the introduction of a formal qualification and fee for training trans make nanning into a profession, but still only allowed educated middle class, girls the o pport social unity. The students training was broken down into the following- Three fortnights for cooking, laundry, and domestic work, and six weeks spent in the Norland Place School, looking on at lessons, and giving help to the teachers. (Gibbs, 1960, pg 178) Lectures given in the morning and the afternoons were spent exercising (walks in the fresh air), the evenings were for learning needlework.The second three months were spent in hospital training and the students were then given one months holiday before taking a post in a private family as a childrens nurse. If the employer was happy with the student she would continue for another three months and only then would the Norland Certificate be awarded. By todays standards training was centred around domestic science rather than understanding the child and how they develop, which would confer with the ideology of womans role within society at that time as the traditional housewife.However, at a glance nannys of today are still required to fulfil domestic duties such as cooking and laundry but this is not curricular based but, has more emphasis on the development of the child. By 1904 the training changed slightly as it was established that students needed to gain practical experience to do their job and a small nursery was set up overseen by experienced childrens nurses with the students acting as under-nurses. This practice was highly regarded by employers when the students obtained posts, and is seen favourably and useful by employers today.By 1924 fees had risen to eighty pounds and the college expanded. During the Second World War the college and nursery evacuated to Devon, but many of the students gave up their training and joined the womens services. After the war the college relocated to Chislehurst and students began training again. The course itself was extended from six months to 20 one months and include domestic science, educations training, residential nursery training and a hospital nurse course.Students were also taught story-telling and games for the under-fives. (Gibbs, 1960, pg 180) Great emphasis was placed within the training on the needs of the small child, students gained experience of this from working in the nursery attached to the college and nursery schools and infant welfare centres outside of the college. An examination was also introduced at the end of the twenty one months the National Nursery scrutiny Board qualification or NNEB. However, the Norland Certificate was only awarded to students who had completed one years satisfactory work in post which had been agreed by the Principal.Only both years were allowed from the end of training to obtain the full certificate. The college also advance students to stay in touch with them for at least three years after completing their certificate. They did this to ensure they could follow the career of each student and ensure that the standard of the college could be maintained. Norland nannies were well res pected and there was a constant demand in private posts, nurseries and for posts as school matrons. Norland College was the first training college to unclouded in 1892 and later other colleges began to appear.The Princess Christian Training College for Nursery Nurses opened in Manchester in 1901 under the direct patronage of the Princess Christian (third daughter of nance Victoria). She suggested that instead of hospital training, a course of home nursing should be introduced. She also felt very strongly that a nurse should be veto to punish children herself. The need for training colleges was recognised by the Gentlewomens Employment Association (1891), Princess Christian was one of its patrons. Like the Norland College it provided example for gentlewomen who needed to earn a living at a time when it was not generally acceptable.The Princess Christian Colleges training duration was nine months unlike Norlands six months and was hard and rigorous. Students had to be on duty at s ix and complete washing and cleaning before breakfast at seven. They had evening lectures and sewing after supper, no holidays and half a day off each week. The college also had testimonial books which recorded each nurses career, including a principals cut through and at the end of her training and a reference from her last employer. There is a stark contrast to the training that was provided in 1904 to the qualification we see today.Although there is still a strong emphasis on work based training the standard of the qualification is not as robust as in the 19th and early 20th century and this could be because students are being accepted onto courses with a required level of education and the demands of the role have changed. During the first off World War The Princess Christian College ran into financial difficulties and in May 1918 closed. The college reopened again in 1919 in new premises but closed again at outbreak of the Second World War in order for children to be evacuate d.After the war the college reopened and reorganised its syllabus and training to cover the changes in social conditions. Training was extended to eighteen months and covered the NNEB requirements (Gibbs, 1960). At the time Mary Ann Gibbs wrote her book The Years of the Nannies (1960) the fees for the eighteen month course at Princess Christian College was ? 270 for a resident student and ? 140 for a non-resident student. Bursaries and local authority grants were available for less well off students.The syllabus in 1960 included- daily nursery work with babies and small children, instruction in the planning and preparation of infant diets, training in the milk kitchen, general cookery and nutrition, laundry and housewifery, needlework with formula and care of childrens clothes, hygiene and physiology and the model nursery. (Gibbs, 1960, Pg 190) The college awarded three certificates to students the first being a Probationers Certificate on completion of satisfactory training and a Nurses Certificate for two years satisfactory work, dating from the ranting of the Probationers Certificate.Finally, the student would be awarded The Special Certificate with Badge for three years satisfactory work, dating from the granting of the Nurses Certificate. After a student had completed her training she had quite a wide range of employment opportunities such as working as a nanny, working in day and residential nurseries, working with disabled children, school matron, nursery nurses on maternity wards and in highwayenger liner nurseries. A Night Nurse at The Princess Christian Training CollegeStudents who completed their training at the training colleges usually found employment through the college or through advertisements in womens journals, or professional journals. One of those journals was Nursery World which was first launched in 1925 and is still used by our students today. The other was The Lady first published in 1885 which advertised many employment opportuniti es for nannies. Nannies are still very much in demand today, their role has changed in that they work nigh with parents respecting their views and wishes and are more usually employed by working parents.They are required to be trained to aim 3 and most will have had experience with babies. In contrast, nannies back in the eighteenth century would always live with the family, whereas nannies now can live out. They also have the opportunity to work for families abroad and can command high salaries and additional benefits such as holidays and use of a car. pic Advertisements from Careers and Vocational Training tenth Edition The role of the nanny was important but you cannot overlook the role of the governess in the eighteenth and nineteenth century.She is portrayed in fiction as a lonely, somewhat stern figure yet many women entered this profession. She would have been a well educated middle-class woman who like the nanny had to provide a living for herself. In Victorian times women were seen as the responsibility of men her husband, father or brother. When they were unable to provide financially for her, working as a governess was seen as socially acceptable. There was a high demand for governesses in he Victorian era (despite the expansion of habitual school education for boys and public school for the masses) especially if they were competent in teaching maths and science. The census of 1851 showed that there were 24,770 governesses in England and Wales. (Hudson, 1970, p45) The greatest qualification of the governess was having a good stress fitting in with the correct social class. She was required to write a letter of application in order for the family to consider her suitability. Many families listed subjects they required their governess to teach. Wanted, a Governess, on Handsome Terms.Governess a comfortable home, but without salary, is offered to any lady wishing for a situation as governess in a gentlemans family, residing in the country, to in struct two little girls in music, drawing, and English a thorough knowledge of the French language is required. ( Advertisement, The Times. (London 27 June, 1845). The upper class families still continued to educate their children at home and it was down to the family to decide when their children would enter the school room. In order to ensure their employability they sought to improve their education and this lead them gaining a footing in higher education.During the nineteenth century, professional books and journals were printed for governesses to use. These were read among other teachers and concerned parents to share educational practices and lessons, and keep The Governess them informed of the changing educational reform in the Victorian era. In 1843 The Governesses Benevolent Institution was formed and it helped educate governesses and provided aid for retired or out of work governesses in and around London. It also provided a registry for governesses and families seeking a governess to place their information. This was similar to an employment agency today.Along with this and pressure from the governesses the institute expanded and included a college for governesses to account and improve their education. A donation from the Prince and Princess of Wales enabled financing for free night classes. The Queens College was founded in 1848 and its goal was to provide qualifications for governesses, it provided Lectures for Ladies from which at the end of study they received a Diploma. Almost all the lectures were given by men from Kings College, and older women known as Lady Visitors attended to act as chaperones to the female students.It is clear that despite considerable changes from the era of the wet nurse there is still a vast divide between what is considered beyond the realms of the woman as it is the man that is considered able to lecture in the core subjects whilst the woman is only expected to understand and deliver to her charges. The Queens col lege was seen as an institution offering higher education for women. In the last decade of the nineteenth century the Queens College and The House of Education developed a curriculum specifically for the training of governesses and this saw a drastic change in the profession of the governess.Families now wanted to employ governesses with certificates and training in education rather than, be qualified solely by their family background. We must take into account that at this time education for girls was seen as less important and it was not until the 1900 that attitudes changed when girls started to enter public high school and boarding schools and this resulted in the decline of the governess. Governesses are still employed today but their role has changed. Today they need to hold a degree and at least two years experience as an educator. They may live with the family or live out.They usually have sole charge of the childrens education although in some cases they may just supplement the childs education. This could be coaching a child to obtain their eleven plus, or providing additional help for specific subjects, or in all subjects, with the goal of preparing students to apply to and be accepted into good colleges. They may also be employed if a family moves to another country so that children can learn the language or maintain the education that correlates to their native country. The profession is still largely female orientated despite the pay and conditions being good.This could be due to several factors such as living in the employers home and societies view of a male in a governess role. The Second World War saw an increase in day nurseries as men went away and women were called upon to take over the work left to do at home. The Ministry of Health organised and supervised this provision. In view of this more nursery nurses needed to be trained and in January 1944 The National Nursery Examination Board was formed and they established an examination for a ll nursery nurses. The first examination was taken in 1946.The syllabus and training has changed considerably over the years, notably in 1965, the age range was extended to seven years of age, before this students trained to work with children up to five years. This decision was prompted by the increase use of classroom assistance in primary schools and the Plowden Reports (1967) recommendation that nursery nurses should be used for this position. In 1975 the Bullock Report, A Language for heart made the equal recommendation that nursery nurses should be used as trained assistants and work onside teachers in helping language development in young children. (Herrman, 1979, p. 21).After the Second World War provision that was put in place for childcare was not expanded further. This was partly due to men needing jobs that women had done in the war, and societys view that women should be in the home looking after their children. The 1950s saw the beginning of Playgroups, these were p arent co-operatives formed in private homes or community halls. They started in order to fill the gap in nursery provision for three and four year olds. In 1961 Belle Tutaev wrote to the Guardian offering help to anybody who wanted to start up a playgroup.She received letters from all over the country and playgroups burgeoned and grew. (Dean, 2005, Pg 13) The Pre-School Playgroup Association (PPA) was set up in 1962, the aims of the organisation at first were two-fold mutual support for those test groups and also the lobbying of government to emphasise the importance of pre-school provision and to seek the withdrawal of airman 8/60 which prevented state nursery expansion. (PLA Factsheet) Playgroups relied heavily on voluntary staff and on mothers to provide play activities for the children. Many of these volunteers were untrained due to lack of funding.This restricted their work opportunities and workers were given little recognition. An additional reason for unqualified staff was that until the Childrens Act 1989 playgroups had little statutory guidance or regulation. Those playgroups that were committed with the PPA did have access to training (short courses in play work) if they were able to fund it. The PPA in 1991 established themselves as training providers under the National Council for Vocational Qualifications. Other childcare provision between 1946 and 1990 such as private nurseries and local authority nurseries continued to employ NNEB qualified staff or equivalent.In 1990 there were various childcare qualifications that students were able to study. The main qualifications for nursery nursing were the NNEB, BTEC National Diploma and the Certificate in Post-Qualifying Studies (CPQS). The NNEB being the longest established and well known was still a requirement for some posts but it did not give a valid entry into higher education. However, the BTEC National Diploma was thought to be more academic and allowed students to progress onto more advanc ed education and training being the equivalent of A Levels.When you look back at the history of the NNEB it was not set out to be a qualification that would allow progress to higher education although comparing it to todays CACHE Level 3 Diploma it was a lot more rigorous. The selections of qualifications were many and in 1991 a system of National Accreditation was introduced to link qualifications. NVQs were introduced in 1991 in attempt to give experienced staff without a qualification a chance to achieve a Level 2 and 3. The NVQ syllabus involved students showing competence in the workplace through assessment whilst building a portfolio of knowledge evidence.This qualification in theory did fill a training gap but funding still remained an issue along with adults having to study around family commitments and also if they had the academic confidence to study. Due to the Start Right Report of 1991 by Bell in which he identified numerous routes into teaching, this was an attempt to provide a standardized route into comprehensive training and also of helping workers to progress through the qualification system. Up until 1999 qualifications remained unchanged in what were available and it left employers and students confused as to what qualification was at what level.In 1999 a new training framework was introduced (QCF) and this mapped out the levels of each qualification. This gave clear guidance for students, employers and training establishments to assess their true qualifications. In 2002 the new NVQ Level 4 was introduced *they were to provide a route for those working in senior management level or advanced practitioners (Pugh,2001, P. 190) they were academically and practically demanding qualifications and carried 120 CATs points. This was a way of gaining entry to the Early Years Foundation Degree.In 1994 CACHE was established and merged with The National Nursery Education Board and The Council for Early Years Awards. In 2001 the National Association for Maternal and Child public assistance (NAMCW) merged with CACHE, and Her Majesty the Queen became the patron. CACHE at this point became the awarding body and offered various Childcare qualifications from Entry Level to NVQ 4. Since joining Canterbury College in February 2006 the qualifications have changed twice, with a third change is about to take place. The livery of the courses has not changed in that students still attend placements and have to show competence.The only difference to the NNEB is that the students dont work with children attached to the college. We have placement visitors that visit the student in their placement who assess their competence and report back to their course tutor. Level 3 students up until 2007 still had to sit an end of course exam in order to qualify as well as passing unit assignments. The qualification carried UCAS points to allow entry to university depending on the overall grade achieved. It was quite clear at the time that the grades stud ents achieved were quite low and very few went onto university.I believe this to be for the following reasons (a) students were not properly assessed at interview and were on the wrong level of course, (b) there was a high level of perturbation of staff which affected the teaching of the students and causing disaffection. There was also a big drop out rate. I remember well, my first day in the classroom, being bombarded with complaints. In 2007 CACHE freshened the content of the syllabus as the previous syllabus was quite dated and childcare practice had changed considerably.The new syllabus carries the same(p) format of placement and academic work and still continued to carry UCAS points. The grading of the assignments changed into a point system instead of the previous system of pass or refer. The students also have to complete a research task and a short seen scenario exam. This I feel has led to students achieving higher grades and more have gone onto university. The division has been running this Level 3 Diploma for the past three years but last year we were advised that the qualification would hange along with NVQs being discontinue. This has had a big impact on the department as a whole. The introduction of the Level 3 Diploma for the Children and Young Peoples workforce will be the only qualification available for students to study to become childcare workers. The delivery of the course is very much based on the NVQ delivery of observed assessment and a knowledge portfolio. We have started to run a pilot group for this new qualification and it has involved various changes in the department and in the teaching.Students now have to be allocated an assessor who has an A1 qualification and students only attend three days a week every other week. Already, this has constitute problems in that the course is designed to be taught holistically and not unit led as the previous qualifications. It is designed so that the assessor and tutor work closely togeth er. This does not work in our department as assessors are constantly out observing students leaving little time for feedback to the tutor. This makes it very difficult to support students and ensure that they are progressing.However, we have recently been informed that due to the qualification not meeting the needs of the employers and students the previous qualification will continue running for at least another year while they review the course. In conclusion, childcare and qualification has developed in line with the needs of the family and society starting with the wet nurse through to nannies and governess. It has also developed in line with government policy and the social and economic needs of the country along with current thinking of child development at the time.Childcare roles have not disappeared but still exist in a modernised way as can be seen in the reappearance of the wet nurse. The status of childcare however still remains low and this is reflected in pay and condi tions. Many nurseries still dont pay above minimum wage or provide sick pay, and often only the minimum holiday requirement. Until this is addressed the status and moral of childcare workers will not rise. There is still a culture of thinking that anyone can look after children and it is still a preponderantly female role despite campaigns to attract male candidates.The calibre of students that is seen during interviews are on the whole, students from lower class backgrounds which could have contributed to the introduction of EMA. The fact that students dont have to pay fees for childcare courses and its workplace element, adds to the perception that they are easy courses. The college funding system makes it very difficult to decline students who we feel not admit to the course, and the system makes it difficult to withdraw students who prove to be unsuitable. This does not lead to providing the best possible care for young children.Significantly and in contrast to this is that to t rain as a Norland Nanny today requires a student to pay full fees and this only attracts the more affluent students who want to train in the profession. Also, to employ a Norland Nanny, is seen as a status symbol by families, thus highlighting social status despite its qualification being the same as achieved at college. The only difference being that the Norland Certificate is achieved at the end of the course on top of the qualification and seen as a mildew of excellenceThe old range of qualifications enabled students to access the qualification that best suited their learning and training needs such as on the job training or a full time college course. The new qualification does not take these needs into account. The new qualification does not fit with young students who have no experience. This is one of the issues that has been highlighted along with the course only being a year in duration. It is quite worrying that a sixteen year old could become a fully qualified level 3 in a supervisory position with only one year of training.There are also wider issues in that the government has reduced funding, (currently there is no funding for over nineteens) along with the demise of EMA, making access to college less accessible for less well off students which causes a social divide. The next year will provide interesting times in childcare qualifications and a review in our own department in the teaching and delivery will provide its own challenges in that e-learning is being introduced along with apprentiships. This will mean training in the use to technology as well as new assessment methods.Staff will have to adapt their delivery of lessons as well as developing a closer working partnership with assessors, which at the current time is fragmented. There will need to be changes in the current systems in place and this will no doubt cause frustration to some staff who find adapting to change difficult. On a more collateral note the updating of skills for staff will only improve the range of teaching techniques available to them, hopefully providing better outcomes for students.

Dram Shop Laws Essay

Dram shop laws ar instituted for all places which serve alcoholic beverages including restaurants, taverns and bars. An employee of these asylums may non serve alcohol to minors or those visibly intoxicated. If the psyche which consumed the beverage leaves the judicature, gets in an accident or causes bodily harm to some other person, the establishment and the server may be held liable for damages. However, this should not be the case. Those who were intoxicated and caused the accident should be the exclusively ones held liable for damages he or she caused to another person.Too many people take advantage of the legal proponent which allows these places which serve alcohol to be held liable. I would like to remove this proponent and clear up a revision to meitneriums Dram Shop laws, making it better for servers and consumers alike. In the following I will tell you some irrefutable and negative outcomes if this change ever were to occur. I am going to answer the question of t he whether Montana should have the liability clause which imputes establishments at risk of universe held financially responsible. In order to come to a conclusion, both sides must be heard.I will begin why we should remove these laws and positive outcomes. Should Montana in fact have liability clauses which enable the tavern or bar to be held liable? The job of a bartender can be a tedious and stressful one. By removing the liability element of the Dram Shop laws, bartenders can focus on their jobs instead of on attempting to recognize the signs of soul who is visibly intoxicated (Rumberger Kirk & Caldwell). This becomes especially difficult on a bustling Saturday evening when the bass of the band is thrumming in your ears and ten different people be calling out, Bartender On busy Saturday nights, not only are the bartenders kept busy, but the tills are as well.Businesses make quite a oddball of money on nights like these however the liability clause can put a damper on the pr ofits of small, local businesses. Part of a bartenders whole job is to encourage the buying of alcohol, and the drinker should respond by leaving when he or she has noticed they have unquestionable that buzzed feeling. The bartenders job is simple tend the bar and comply with the wishes of your customers. When servers have to cut off drinkers, feelings are often brushed and money lost.When soul gets plowshareicularly offended, physical altercations can often occur, posing a major health safety risk for all those in the bar. With these laws in place, often bartenders and bouncers put their welfare on the line when it comes to removing drunken patrons. When is seemingly as well intoxicated to continue insobriety, it is the duty of the bartender to refuse any further service to the customer. even though this is required by law, it can often result in one if not both, of the parties involved to leave with a bump or bruise, if not worse.When it comes to injuries in public establishme nts, people these days seem to get all together sue-happy. Without these laws putting liability on establishments which took no part in the maiming of others, the person who actually committed the offence will be the only one who can be held responsible. There are many cases which individual is offended, injured or leaves and commits another crime which can then be financially supported by the small business. Now that I have gone over the positives, I will now explain the negative effects of the removal of this element of the Dram Shop laws.We all know drunk driving is an all too common occurrence in the United States. Most people probably dont know that a studies conducted have shown that nearly 80 million trips a year are made with a driver having consumed some amount of alcohol (Major Mark Willingham). This means that all establishments must do their part in making these numbers go down. By keeping these laws, bartenders will continue to be pressured to keep people better unde r-control in bars and taverns.Bartenders are specially trained to recognize the signs of people when they are beginning to show signs of intoxication and how to handle the following situations. Without these laws, employees will lose the proper training by employers with the lack of enforcement (CADCA). These guidelines can help to quickly clear up situations which pose a threat to the server or those also in the bar. As an establishment which serves alcohol, taverns and bars have an obligation to their customers to perform all aspects of proper service (expertpages. om). When person comes into a place to be served alcohol, bartenders should be able to aid in helping for these customers get home by cutting them off. They are also supposed to provide any service which is asked, usually complied with a cheery demeanor. all(a) these aspects create the foundation for proper service in these establishments. Without the liability element of the Dram shop laws, there is an element of pres sure which can result in the loss of proper service.The blatant cause for most terms of Dram shop laws is simple reduce harmful alcohol consumption and all accidents which would be classified as alcohol-related (whatworksforhealth. com). With all the fine-toothed combed sections of these laws, the ideal set-up has been instituted in communities in order to control these situations. With the concept of liability, these laws do not only necessitate the person who committed the crime or offence, but can help to keep bars and taverns in check and doing their jobs.Some terms that must be corrected before this law becomes valid are the concept of visual intoxication. There is no clear definition by which you can define someone as visibly drunk, some people are just morons. Some people act more or less drunk than they are. The legal drinking age of 21 must also be clearly stated. I still believe that the liability aspects of Dram Shop laws should be removed. Bartenders keep clients in li ne as much as possible, but should not suffer blame and loss of business in order to make an educated guessing at the intoxicated state of another person.Too many people have taken advantage of these small businesses and there needs to be only one person, the one truly responsible, to be held liable. When these establishments get slam-jammed busy, there is no way for one or two people to properly assess the affable state of someone, especially a stranger. Enough pressure is applied to these businesses in economic times like those we are in. we should take away the possibility that someone could take business, money and good name of any bar or tavern.

How Women Are Portrayed in Media Essay

Common womanish stereotypes set in the media affirm a powerful operate over how hostel cods women and how women view themselves. What is the media depicting of women today and how does this impact how youth girls perceive themselves? With programs such as The Bachelor and Flavor of Love turn outing a dozen women competing for the attention of virtuoso man, often using their sexuality, magazine ads displaying a half(prenominal)-naked female body to sell a fragrance or cosmetic product, and goggle box receiver commercializeds highlighting a muliebritys thigh and butt to sell sneakers, it may be difficult for society non to be influenced by the overwhelming message to objectify women.electr unrivaledgative Female StereotypesFemale stereotypes in the media tend to undervalue women as a whole, and diminish them to sexual objects and passive human beings. According to research done by Children Now, a issue organization exhausting to make children a public priority, 38% of female characters found in video games argon wearing revealing clothing, 23% atomic number 18 showing cleavage. Magazine ads show a dismembered female body, with parts, instead of the whole, a practice that according to media activist, Jean Kilbourne, turns women into objects. Disney movies, from Beauty and The Beast to Aladdin show slender, un solidistic altogethery curvaceous, and quite vulnerable young women, who be dependent on male figures for strength and survival, non their feature sense of empowerment. Media stereotyping of women as objects and helpless beings creates really low expectation for societys girls.When a woman is in a position of power, such as the r ar female boss portray in The Proposal with Sandra Bullock, or Disclosure with Demi Moore, she tends to be a cold-hearted, detached elevator c beer woman with sociopathic tendencies. This sends the message that a powerful woman sacrifices a healthy relationship, family, and possibly even her sanity to be e xtremely successful at her c ber. For the young girl who dreams to run a company, or pop off a famous journalist, astronaut, or scientist, the media does not provide enough models for her to enumerate to for encouragement and inspiration.Positive Female StereotypesDespite the galore(postnominal) negative female stereotypes found in movies, television, and advertisements, there atomic number 18 positive examples of intelligent, empowered young girls and women as well. These characters can serve as contribution models for girlswho atomic number 18 looking for female characters to exemplify. Lisa Simpson from the popular toon sitcom, The Simpsons is a classic example of a positive female stereotype. An intelligent and gifted girl, this character thinks for herself and sticks to her ideals, traits that young girls should be able to find in the media. In the TV series Doctor Who, The Eleventh Doctor is accompanied by two female characters, Amy Pond and River Song, with space and time.They portray themselves as extremely intelligent and display emotionally strong traits such as the ability to overcome traumatic events, strong sense of self-preservation, resourcefulness and faith in their own strength. Dora the adventurer is an inquisitive, adventurous young seven-year old girl, who is not precisely a positive female character, but one of the few minority heroes or heroines of childrens television. A conscious effort on the part of the media can offer much(prenominal) to the dreams and self-worth of societys girlsHow the Medias Portrayal of Women Impacts GirlsThe medias portrayal of women affects the self-image of girls dramatically. Concepts of ravisher and soulfulnessality are found in movies, magazines, and video games as long as there are enough positive examples, young girls can be free to be themselves. When there are not, the pressure is to be thin, physically attractive, and pleasing in order to be likable and popular. According to the National impart on Media and the Family, studies have found that the medias focus on body image and submissive female stereotypes has affected childrens thinking. For example, in television comedies it was found that thin women were both praised much and less same(p)ly to be made fun of by male characters. In commercials directed at young girls, half mentioned physical attractiveness. As a result of these and other similar trends, both boys and girls describe female characters as home(prenominal), interested in boys, and concerned with appearances.Both young girls and teenagers are increasingly concerned with their weight and unhappy with their bodies. Stereotypes in the media inevitably affect our culture, especially the young. As Susan Fiske, professor of Psychology at Princeton University and researcher of stereotyping and discrimination, says, stereotyping exerts take or power over people, pressuring them to conform therefore, stereotyping maintains the side quo. To help combat t he influence of negative female stereotypes in the media, and thereforehelp not alone girls, but all of society transcend these limiting expectations, it is key to expose our children to positive role models and to let young girls know middling how amazing they are and always will be.SourcesMedia and Girls. (Media Awareness Network).Sex and Relationships in the Media. (Media Awareness Network). Durik, Amanda and Janet Shibley Hyde. Psychology of Women and Gender in the 21st Century. (University of Wisconsin). Medias Effect on Girls Body grasp and Gender Identity. (National Institute on Media and the Family). The role of media is crucial to the issue of violence against women, both in terms of how media cover (and often distort) the issue, and how media may be use as a tool to help activists and governments raise awareness and implement programs on this issue, according to Rina Jimenez David, a long-time journalist and womens rights activist from the Philippines. Rina, who was i nterviewed by vitiatea Surez on FIREs first Internet Broadcast at the Beijing +5 womens conference in reinvigorated York writes a column called At Large for the Philippine Daily Inquirer, and is an activist and national chair of a womens political party called Philipinas Advance.Many women have verbalize that the media coverage (of rape or other violence) was like a second assault all over again, because of their insensitivity in using pictures, publishing names, and other violations of privacy, said Rina. And the way they portray violence reinforces stereotypes, when they focus on the appearance of the victims, especially if they are young, attractive, or are questioning the way they were dressed. FIRE is producing snuff it daily Webcasts June 4-9 in parvenu York during the UN Special Session of the Beijing +5 league on Women, which has attracted over 10,000 women activists, journalists and government delegates. The daily programs in Spanish and side focus on the role of medi a in relation to each of the 12 critical areas of concern of the Beijing Platform for Action.The first program rivet on violence against women. In addition to describing how media tend to portray women who are victims of violence, Rina talked some her efforts as an activist to raise awareness of this issue among journalists, especially those of the younger generation. Specifically, Rina depict a series of workshops conducted by the Center for Media Freedom andResponsibility in the Philippines. The 3-day session included a gender sensitivity workshop, and alike talks by women activists on issues of concern to women, including one by Rina nigh violence against women. I believe we really reached astir(predicate) 400 journalists, said Rina, because at the end we asked them about the impact, and the men especially had their eyes exposed to the situation of women, and said they were discharge to try and be much(prenominal) sensitive. Rina noted that the young journalists seemed to be the or so loose to these ideas.During the live FIRE Webcast, Rina also noted how critical it was to have violence against women recognized as a violation of womens human rights at the U.N. beingness Conference on Human Rights in Vienna in 1993. The Beijing Platform for Action, now being discussed at the Special Session of the UN General assembly recognizes more forms of violence. In the past it was only military rape and state torture (that were recognized), whereas the Beijing Platform for Action was a landmark by including domestic violence, rape, and sexual harassment. Before 1995, such violations against women were often not recognized due to culture or tradition. Rina described new laws and actions related to violence against women in countries in the Asian Pacific region, which have been enacted since the IV World Conference on Women in Beijing 1995, when governments committed themselves to implementing the Platform for Action .For example, in Japan, there was not e ven a term for sexual harassment in the language, whereas belatedly legislation was passed there to prohibit this violation of womens human rights. Likewise, Rina noted that in the Philippines there is a new sexual harassment law, although it is somewhat narrow, and a domestic violence bill is pending in Parliament. Rina noted that a regretful accomplishment of the UN Conference on Human Rights in Vienna in 1993 was to have funda psychological rights of a person recognized, regardless of country or culture, which opened the door for the recognition of womens rights as universal human rights. It was only recently those womens rights as human rights were recognized, said Rina, whereas in the past legion(predicate) of these rights such as violence against women were violated with impunity under the guise of culture and religion. Women in media in the Philippines from stereotype to liberation.AbstractPIPThe success of women in the Philippine print and electronic media is contrasted w ith the negative image in which they are presented in mass media such as television, radio, comics, tabloids and magazines. Philippine women began entering journalism early in the century, becoming established in the female oriented press by the 1960s. As the repression of the Marcos regime intensified, women journalists excelled in writing vanguard pieces, using allusion, allegory, indirection or metaphor, interviewing prisoners, base alternative newspapers and even initiating the successful boycott of the 3 major crony papers when Aquino was killed.The participation of women in television journalism is parallel, but more restrain due to the nature of the medium. Womens cultural role as multi-track organizers of family, finance and work is credited for this success. Dozens of names with titles and paper names are cited, as well as tabulated in an appendix. In contrast, womens image in the popular publications and electronic media is that of sex object, victim, ideal submissive wi fe-mother, or gracious brothel assureer shows little evidence of improving. This deleterious, backward and inaccurate image is likely due to all-male ownership, management and profit motive of these popular, vernacular mass media. The pressure on women to look and behave in certain ways is deeply ingrained into our culture. It is often easy to overlook the impact that culture has on how we ascertain about ourselves and bodies. ceremonial TV, reading magazines, newspapers, or surfing the internet it is all we see are airbrushed images of perfect bodies of women. Images of female bodies are e reallywhere. Women and their body parts sell everything from food to cars. As humans we absorb relentless message that beauty is the norm and the standards of beauty are being imposed on women. April 30, Monday Muslim Women in the New York quantify 1980-2011 Liberalism, Feminism and Racism, is a conference looking at examples of clauses, photography and headlines in The New York Times that portray Muslim women in stereotypical and negative ways. research will be presented by professors, doctoral schoolchilds and recent graduates of the University of California, Davis.A complete conference schedule is available athttp//sjoseph.ucdavis.edu/media-project/muslim-women-in-the-new-york-times-1980-2011-liberalism-feminism-and-racism. This event is free and open to the public. UC Davis Conference Center, Ballroom A (across from the Mondavi Center) on the UC Davis campus. Suad Joseph, founding director of the UC Davis Middle East/South Asia Studies Program and a professor of anthropology and women and gender studies, graduate students and recent graduates counted by hand and used computer-generated word counts of key words used in articles about Arab and Muslim the Statesns.They found systematic misrepresentation of Arabs, Arab Americans, Muslim Americans and Islam. The misrepresentation focused on Muslim women and the veil. The conference is co-sponsored by the UC Davis De partment of Anthropology, Middle East/South Asia Studies Program and the Women and Gender Studies Program. The project is funded by the Center for Information engineering science Research in the Interest of Society, UC Berkeley. The center was founded in 2001 to better apply technologies to research throughout the UC system. Funding also was provided by the University of California Center for New Racial Studies (a multicampus, interdisciplinary program). The portrayal of women in Asian scary moviesThe shift away from the submissive, helpless, damsel in distress character in scary movies is blood line to take place across the globe as well. Trencansky talks about how women are beginning to be portrayed as stronger more sovereign characters that acutely fight against whoever is haunting them instead of waiting for a man to save her. Two Asian movies, Shutter (which was adapted into an American film) and Alone embody dominant female characters, just like in Friday the 13th and Nigh tmare on Elm Street.Shutter was about a couple who notice that strange images keep appearing in the pictures that they take the main female character determinedly goes on a discovery to find out what these strange images mean and comes to discover that it is actually the image of a ghost. After a lot of digging, she finds out that the ghost who is haunting them is a girl that her husband and some of his friends had harassed and polish off a few years ago. This woman is a portrayal of the Final Girl who actively solves the line of work and preventsthis ghost from further haunting them. She is clearly a female who has refused her assigned subordinate role (68) by leaving her husband after she realizes what he has done and he is sent away to a mental institute. The woman who is haunting them, however, embodies a more submissive role as she is subject to harassment by three strong men. She comes back to haunt them because of this, proving that ghosts are psychologically disturbed. Wom en and the media in South Asia.AbstractPIPThis article gives a brief overview of womens access to journalism and communication training, status of women in the media, their take for spring upment of skills, and portrayal of women in the media, in Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, India and Sri Lanka. 5 authors from those countries contributed sections subdivided into each of these subheadings. In India, women have access to training, but their positions in the media are limited. They are often wrongly stereotyped, sensationalized or exploited, or solely absent. In Sri Lanka, however, women are closer to being equal to men, in terms of training, hiring and employment, although they tend to work in womens periodicals. Women are shown in most of the advertisements, and are world-widely portrayed as perpetually in pursuit of glamour, food, clothes and cosmetics.Media in Nepal are comparatively new for example, television is only 1 year old. Therefore, opportunities for women are few, an d men dominate the hierarchy. Women are portrayed in the media negatively or sensationally, and used extensively in commercials. Womens position in Pakistan is limited in the cities by purdah and in rural areas by the feudal heritage, in which women are chattel. A minority of women are enrolled in journalism schools employed in the media those are excelling. Women are often idealized, abused or caricatured as interested only in consumption. Women have recently entered the journalism profession in Bangladesh, now totalling 24 women. mores do not permit women to work at night or on outside assignments. The media are liberal in Bangladesh, airing news about dowry abuse and female oppression openly. In most of the countries, women tend to work only until marriage, or afterward are limited by domestic duties. The Unrealistic Portrayal of Women in the Media Beauty and BodyThere are many aims of influence in our society and media plays a major role in dispensing influential images to us. Media comes in many forms, television, radio, newspapers, movies, and advertisements. The media is so intertwined in our lives that we do not truly comprehend on a conscious level how much influence it really has over us. Some of the images and messages we see and hear can be both positive and negative. More often than not, we are exposed to images that are so unrealistic and unattainable by the average person that we call on discontented with our lives and ourselves. Images of luxury homes, cars, glamorous clothes, and glamorous body images make us more self-conscious of how we live and how we look. Based on the above observations and the information I have researched on this topic, the media has an incredible influence over the sensings we have of ourselves. Historically, women have been more susceptible to stereotyping and marginalization than men. The history of a womans usefulness basically began with being a sexual plaything, a mother, and a caretaker.Prior to the 20th cent ury, men saw women as people without a voice, caretakers of the family, or just objects of sexual desire. Although we have recognized the many talents of women through the decades of the past century, we still have much further to evolve in our thinking. I believe most women would like to be thought of as equals in our society, but we are too preoccupied with them being sexual objects. Advertisements have women merchandising everything from food to cars. We continue to see that women are the focus of most advertisements and the biggest selling point for the product being sold. At the same time, men continue to be the strong, handsome leader in both our families and our society as portrayed in the media images. Although there have been many strides, the stereotypes have remained consistent whereas the women are the sexual objects and the men are the decision makers in our society. There has been a consistent theme throughout the centuries where women have been thought of as the lesse r sex. They have always been thought to have lesser intelligence than men do.It was only in the early 1900s that women were able to have a voice in our political elections with the right to vote. Unfortunately, the marginalization of women continues but is being exploited through a different venue the media. The images portrayed in the past 30years especially have been promoting the use of diets, exercise, and cosmetics for women to look and feel young. Aging, especially for women, has become a negative in our society. The media has perpetuated a society of unattainable goals for most women. The media industry as a whole is a multibillion dollar industry, and the fact that women are constantly being told that they need to look better, feeds into the bottom line of these industries selling the perfect image. It is a lose-lose situation for the American female. While women spend endless dollars on trying to perfect themselves, the companies that create the fantasy of the ideal female body, just keep getting richer. I believe women should be doned for whom and what they are without trying to fit into some ideal that a male dominated corporation has created to expand their profit margins.Unfortunately, we as a society have bought into what the media have been selling and there seems to be no turning back. By focusing on the issues that have arisen from these media images and damage it has caused our female population, in particular our youth, it helps us learn about ourselves as a society and as a human race. This helps us to understand our expectations for one another, in a society where looks and image have become the most important part of the human existence. In learning about ourselves and examining these expectations, we examine the flaws within the society we have developed. We are all responsible for the issuing that the media has on our young people, because not enough is being done to deter the trumped-up(prenominal) images that are being portrayed. Women more often than men are pass judgment to live up to these media images of perfection. There are more diet ads for women than men both on television and in magazines.Celebrities are even contributing to the false images we see and hear by participating in makeup and diet advertising. We need to be more aware of the media messages being absorbed by our society with regard to body image. Unfortunately, as long as people are buying, the corporations will continue to sell their ideal body images to the public. We need to take a hard look at the fact that we, as a society, are enabling these corporations to dictate the ideal female image by buying into their perceptions. This leads to a female youth that is dissatisfied with her body, has low self-esteem, and in some cases develop eating disorders. We continue to walk a very dangerous path in our culture, where the female youth are the most vulnerable in defining their self-image and self-worth.These images of thinness continue to represent what the masses prefer to see when viewing television and magazine advertisements. This is what the advertisers claim sells products and so far it seems to work. If we could start thinking about what is veracity as a collective society, then maybe we can also accept that reality without constantly trying to change it. These types of media images only perpetuate more insecurity as opposed to positive images about oneself. We need to accept people for how they look, no matter what they look like without trying to live up to some unrealistic image in the media. Portrayal or treason? How the media depicts women and girls NEW YORK When Jan Floyd-Douglass decided to buy a new car, she bypassed suitable models from many different companies and then wrote to tell them why. I wrote to eight manufacturers saying, I love your car but I didnt buy it because I dont like your advertisements because they demean women, said Ms. Floyd-Douglass. She told the story during a panel discuss ion titled Portrayal or Betrayal How the Media Depicts Women and Girls, which was held 3 March 2010 at the UN offices of the Bah International Community. The event was one of dozens of side events planned in conjunction with the yearly session of the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women, held 1-12 March 2010, which this year examined progress made for women since the 1995 Beijing conference. As a contribution to this theme, the panel desire to consider how images in the media whether television, movies, or advertising affect the way women are perceived and treated.Ms. Floyd-Douglass was joined by Michael Karlberg, an associate professor of communications at westward Washington University, and Sarah Kasule of the Mothers Union in Uganda. The panel was moderated by Baroness Joyce Could, chair of the UK Womens National Commission. Baroness Gould opened by noting that several recent studies have shown that images that objectify or demean women are now more widely used in the media than ever. Moreover, she said, those studies show that such sexualized images have an unhealthy impact on the psychological development of young girls and on young boys. It gives a very disturbing perception to girls and young women, she said. For girls, it is about being told they need to be more attractive to men. And for boys, it is about looking upon girls as sexual objects. Dr. Karlbergsaid this trend in the media is a result of both individual choices and institutional forces.On one hand, he said, people everywhere are choosing to consume media that feeds base appetites that we have inherited from our animal nature. On the other hand, media institutions have been constructed in ways that purposefully stimulate, reinforce, and exploit these base appetites. The result, he said, is a feedback cycle that has created a media environment that is unjust, unhealthy, and unsustainable. Dr. Karlberg said efforts to address the problem must consider the structure of media ins titutions. The assumption is that the media is just another commodity, he said. But the media is not just another commodity. It is a process that facilitates democratic deliberations. It is a process that creates culture. Part of the problem, he said, is that the medias real product is not content but the delivery of an audience to advertisers. The result is that the media strives to manufacture audiences in the cheapest way possible.Media junk foodThe cheapest way to manufacture audience is through a high sex, high violence, high conflict content. It doesnt take talent or research or investigative journalism. Yet it stimulates the appetites, much the same way that a high salt, high sugar, and high fat junk food diet does. Dr. Karlberg, who is a Bah, also discussed efforts the Bah community has undertaken to offer righteous nurture for children and young people, which he said can help to restitution the ill make of exposure to sexualized or violent images. Bahs, like people eve rywhere, are struggling to raise and educate children, he said. They are trying to do this in a way that cultivates their inherent nobility, that releases their spiritual potential, and that helps them recognize the deep sources of purpose, meaning, and triumph in life. Such spiritual education can be a very important factor in making children less susceptible to messages in their media environment. It is also a very important factor in making children more likely to make thoughtful choices about media consumption as they senesce older, said Dr. Karlberg.Ms. Floyd-Douglass said she considered her effort to write to various automobile manufacturers that use sexualized images of women in their advertising as one among many weapons in the battle against the problem of such images. Like the other panellists, she noted that suchimages are so commonplace as to seem innocuous. Parents, she said, should explain the existence of such images to their children and make efforts to counter th eir harmful effects. We have to question stereotypes in the media. We have to laugh at them. My message is, if we dont actually do anything about this, we are complicit in it, she said. Ms. Kasule said the problem is not confined to western countries.In the African context, much of the time, the way women are picture in the media is quite negative, she said. They are depicted as symbols of sex. Or as something to do with making men comfortable, or giving care. There are some counter trends to the problem, she added. She described a national television project in Uganda that gives free air time for women to talk about things that matter to them and noted that educational levels for women and girls are rising. There are many programs for girls to read and write. This is important because they will be able to access information, to access media reports, and then they can respond, said Ms. Kasule. Media Portrayal of Women is HarmfulBY CAITLIN CARTERThe medias portrayal of women and men is harmful to everyone, and college students are not exempt. Women are the more obvious victims of the misuse of sexuality. Advertisements on television, the Internet, and in magazines all over America use female sexuality to sell their products. Breasts, legs, and alluring faces sell beer, furniture, energy drinks, and even the womans sexuality itself. Women in sitcoms and reality television shows, such as Americas Next Top Model, represent a body type that very few women possess. According to the documentary Killing Us Softly, the average person spends three years of their life watching television commercials. Still, many people view themselves as unaffected. We see the effects every day. Recently, Nickelodeons Dora the Explorer underwent a makeover, from average child to sexed-up preteen.Have you noticed that within our lifetime, music videos have become more and more like cheap porn? infantile adults reading Cosmopolitan or Seventeen may think theyre just learning about work-o uts and skin care, but the subliminal message ashes meet this standard, or constantly be less than what you should be. This urgency is clearly evident in the ever-rising rates of eating disorders, and the levelof naivety and interest in them. Tons of feminists give lectures, write books, and make movies on the effect of female sexuality on women, but the topic of how the male sex in the media effects men is often blatantly ignored. Of course, the presence of women in the media is dominant, but this does not mean that sexualized men do not exist, nor that men dont feel the pressure.Ever heard a friend voice a deep concern over his scrawniness? Have you been to Goolrick and seen the hordes of men lifting weights on any habituated day? Men see the huge Abercrombie ads, with almost naked, sweaty, built men and they also see women drooling over them just as women see men with Sports Illustrated calendars. As college students, many feel the pressure to look better than their best every time they go out on the weekend, and even when theyre only going to class, or to the Nest for a late-night snack. Although the media seems to be spiralling out of control, there is one thing that we can control how much we internalize the messages it feeds us. Generate conversations with your family, your friends, co-workers or classmates.By simply raising the awareness of ourselves and others, we can realize that the image of the ideal woman or man is nearly impossible to achieve. If no one is resistive to this never-ending craze for perfection and if everyone feels the pressures and angst to fit the desired role, is it really right for us to judge one another on the very issues we worry about ourselves? We can build each other up higher than these images can tear us down- a compliment goes a long way. Caitlin Carter is a junior.Women And veto StereotypesAn End Before A StartBy Divya Bhargava06 July, 2009Countercurrents.orgWe may be reluctant to believe that discrimination again st individuals because of their sex, race, age, sexual orientation or health status still exist in institutions in most countries. We also may not want to accept the fact that sexual violence is common in all culture, that women are victims of rape, battering and sexual harassment each day, despite legislationprohibiting such violence, common policing, workplace policies, counselling and training programs exist. Yet this is the reality for most women. The fact that individuals are likely to think of man when they hear a word surgeon illustrates how we all hold beliefs, attitudes, the stereotype that influence our perception of the world around us. Which sex do you associate with elementary school teacher? With model? With engineer?Most individuals still indicates that elementary school teachers are female, models are female, and engineers are male. Individuals also mark the occupation if they believe the sex of the person performing this job is typical. Stereotypes refer to individu als cognitions that typically do not play off to reality. A stereotype is a picture in the head not an accurate mirror of the real world. Stereotypes occur when individuals are classifieds by others as having something in common because they are members of a particular group or category of people. Gender stereotypes are a psychological process which illustrates structured sets of beliefs about the own(prenominal) attributes of men and women.An awareness of the contents of gender role stereotypes begins in the preschool years and is rather well-developed by the time children enter first grade. Parents are among the more important socializing agents for children in shaping values, beliefs and behaviours related to gender. Furthermore knowing the sex of the baby conjures up all kinds of personality characteristics and physical attributes even when these factors are not present in the child. Parents communicate their stereotypes to children in numerous ways. Boys are devoted building blocks, sports equipment and model vehicles. Girls, on the other hand, are encouraged to play with dolls, dolls houses and toy dog household appliances.Cultural images of women-Culture ideas, symbols, norms and values play a significant role in the creation of women images and the differentiation of gender roles. The purpose of the present article is to understand the images of femininity in Indian society from ancient to modern times. India, a heterogeneous society, presents conflicting women images. The normative model image of Indian cleaning lady has displayed remarkable consistency. Images of women have not remained static and have undergone numerous changes. However, certain basic models have widespread acceptance. Various cultural images of women- Pativrata- unconditional devotion to husband, canonised Motherhood, BharatMata Image. First at the societal plane, the perception of different categories of women is distinctly shaped/conditioned by the popularly accepted female images/stereotypes.Secondly, at the interpersonal level within the family situation, these images frequently impinge in a variety of ways. Indian girls grow up with deep rooted sense of fear and insecurity which not only restricts their social mobility in the mundane day to day life but also often psychologically cripples them to face the hardships of life in general and resist gender based discrimination in particular. These gender dichotomies, flowing almost directly from the popular images fostered most significantly, these images in most Indian families. Thirdly, and perhaps most significantly, these images leave a deep imprint upon womens self-perception.Women in Advertisement-Advertising has been a prime target of attack and scrutiny. The basic description for the critical focus on sex role portrayal in advertising lies in the close relationship, which exists between advertising, the consumer goods industry and the crucial economic role of women as consumers. Generally it i s shown in advertisement a womans goal in life is to attract and attain a man-women are shown in advertising as always young and attractive. They are frequently depicted as sexual objects. Women in advertisements are restricted to the home and separate from other women outside home, man is her favourite companion. Domesticity is the second role of two dimensional image of femininity in advertising.Sex Stereotyping in the Media-Far more dangerous than the overtly obscene advertisements are the sexual stereotypes that are found in different media. The Indian version of sex stereotyping would have all women behaving like mythological sita and savitri- docile, submissive, sacrificing, sentimental, superstitious, and incapable of rational action, their primary duty being wives, companions and devoted mothers. Films are the largest disseminators of stereotyped images. They have a package formula for women the latter are shown as traditional, truly Indian women, who are devoted, son produ cing wives etc. so far womens protests and criticisms have not had much effect on the commercial Hindi film industry.Television also perpetuates sex stereotypes. In its awomans world all that has happened is that the traditional sitas and savitris have given way gracefully to an alien creature who is new role model for the Indian woman who has the best of both worlds, is economically independent, progressive, ambitious and very very feminine. What is being peddled here is grotesque caricatured western lifestyle which is quite far removed from the average Indian womans struggle to survive totally negating and never questioning her reality. Even though 60% of women are involved in agriculture, radio programmes for the rural areas are only directed to men. Womens programmes almost never discuss technology, banking facilities, new laws or any such issues.Consequences of Negative Stereotype and sexism for the individual-Society suppresses the choices of males and females through cultural tyranny. The socialization process forces males and females into behavioral modes, personality characteristics, and occupational roles deemed appropriate by society. Most important, these constraints bring about system that is biased in favour of males. Men have the opportunity to develop their talents while women may only within a severely limited range. The consequences are as follows- Relative Powerlessness of Women, Limited Range of Occupations for Women, Loss of academic Potential for Women, Lack of Respect for Womens Abilities, Low Self-esteem among Women, Trials of the Aging Women.Women Studies-Research interests in women have not only gained momentum since, 1970, but the military position and areas of researches have also significantly changed. Womens position has worsened considerably in almost every sphere with the exception of some gains in education and employment for middle class women. What is worst, there has been growing violence against women. Womens studies can be classified into 5 broad categories- Studies on Womens Problems, Studies on Changing Status of Women, Studies on Different Aspects of Womens Life, Studies on Womens Organization and Movements in India, Studies on Conceptual, Ideological and Methodological Issue Involved in Research on Women. Given the various waves of womens studies, it would be in order to demonstrate the specific concerned of researchers in social, economic and political dimensions. In the social dimension, a large numbers of factorswere emphasized as the cause of womens subordination and low status in society.The marriage and family found point attention, for the private sphere has been considered as one of the root causes of womens problems. The abhorrent customs that attracted attention of scholars are infanticide, prostitution, purdah, dowry and divorce. These studies examined the legislations made towards eradication of these evils and highlighted their shortcomings in tackling the problems. nurture of wo men is another popular theme, studies directed towards the status of rural womens education- both formal and non-formal, revealed very disturbing trends. The illiteracy is more rampant among women than among men. The women have been fair game to various constraints in pursuing their education, for, many girls act as surrogate mothers, share household responsibilities at an early age, assume other sex roles, and endure parents apathy or reluctance resulting in drop out of many girls from schools.While it was expected that education will give more employment to women, it is creating more unemployment among married women graduates as compared to women as a whole. Without providing any alternative, womens education was found eroding the traditional parental ties. Health problems of women are another area which attracted attention of scholars. The studies reported the poor health condition of women due to poor access to health services and lack of nutritional diet. In the economic dime nsion, three themes have attracted attention of scholars womens employment, their participation in development, and impact of technology on them. In the political dimension it has been summarized that women suffer from powerlessness.Women laws in India-1. Constitution of India 19502. Penal Laws3. Family Laws4. Labour Laws5. Human Rights and Women Legal Aid6. Domestic Violence Act 20057. The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act 19568. Medical Termination of maternal quality Act 19719. Hindu Succession Act 1956 and Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act 2005 10. Special Marriage Act 195511. Child Marriage Act 192912. Hindus Widow Remarriage Act 186513. Custody of child- Hindu, Muslim, Parsi and Christian Laws 14. Adoption of child- Hindu, Muslim, Parsi and Christian Laws 15. Maintence- Hindu, Muslim, Parsi and Christian Laws16. Guardianship- Hindu, Muslim, Parsi and Christian LawsConclusion-In summary, then, the preceding analysis of some of the selected socio-demographic, legal, educational, e conomic, political and socio-cultural indicators on the situation of women reveals that even after four decades of assiduous effort womens condition continues to be miserable and they still confront immense problems in all these domains of life. However, recent international and national spectacular developments have turned the attitude of society towards women and womens perception of their own situation. Consequent upon these efforts and development, a spate of womens studies in different directions were made which inter alia raised new question on Women Question.References-Studies By-1 .Ashmore, 19982. Deaux and Kite, 19933. Doyle and Paludi, 19984. Heyman and Legare, 20045. Indian Past, 10.7.19886. Forum Against Oppression Of Women In The Media Committee, New Delhi 7. Womens Organization In Bombay (1985), Patna Conference (1988) 8. Krithi (1985)9. Bhasin K. and Agarwal B. eds. 198410. Quotation in the Feminine Gender by Bibekananda Das and L.N. Dash (pg. 154-159) 11. Neera Desai Women Studies in IndiaDivya Bhargava is a law student in Bangalore