The Formation Of The Pakistan Army History Essay

The Formation Of The Pakistan armament History EssayPakistan came into cosmos on 14 Aug 1947 as one country comprised mainly of contagious Muslim areas. Today even after more than sixty days down the nisus the country is struggling to become a nation. Pakistans army has had the distinction of holding of reigns of the country for more than thirty- octette years. Martial law regimes open come up in Pakistan in spite of democratically elected governments, the military continued to exercise control even when civilians were titular recoverrs of Pakistan.There are many potential questions as to why the Pakistan army is so different then the Indian military although both the armies share a similarity in cultural heritage and an inherited legacy of semipolitical neutrality from the British. . How and under what circumstances did Pakistan Army gained much(prenominal) colossal proportion of greatness in the social fabric of Pakistan so as to be the major factor in deciding the pol icies, traffic and thus the destiny of Pakistan in the new world order.Army in Pakistan gained importance which continued to grow steadily, maybe after the first instance of employment of Army for internal security problem on 06 mar 1953,the place was Lahore. The authority was brought under control within two days.The soldiers were withdrawn on 14 May and two days previous(a)r Dawn newspaper commented that Memories of the Army rule in Lahore will linger for a long time to come and a new look that Lahore has acquired and the sense of discipline among its people inculcated by the Army will bear eloquent testimony to the good work done by Maj GenAzam Khan and his men. This probably was the building block through which Pakistan Army got itself fasten to seats of power in future.Many scholars pay also raised the question of the age old problem of humankind that is frugals driving the great power behind the Pakistan Army being reluctant to give away its stake in power.The initial p atriotism changed to self sustenance and then to safeguard the critical economic interests of the army. Over the years we guide seen that Pakistan has been able to force the world opinion and aid towards itself as per Dr Philip Colhn pakistan is a nation which puts barrel a side arm on its head and demands aid,help otherwise it would shoot itself. This argument merits considerstion as due to its anomalous geopolitical dress it has become a major player and a strategic partner for the sole superpower USA in the fight against terror. The crux of the problem are the bribes the Pakistani military establishment openly seeks from the international community for any move on its part whether it is to help rein in Taliban or severe its institutional support to India directed terror groups. other point which drives the behavior of Pakistan is that it has to live with the fact that it lacks strategic depth and so it has raised its stakes in Afghanistan which it considers its strategic de pth and the militant outfits operating with the blessings of Pakistan Army,more in particular of ISI are also considered as strategic partners which would come to play when the need arises.METHODOLOGYStatement of the ProblemThe Pak Army traditionally preoccupied itself with political, social, economic security concerns of the nation. It started with Field Marshal Mohammad Ayub Khan ( 17 Jan 1951 Apr 1969) since then in that respect has been many instances when power was bestowed on civil regimes just due to their corruption and mis governing people of Pakistan turned back to their Army leadership for solace. The role of the Pakistan army in political sympathies, is contributing to dissonance with India.HypothesisThe army has been supreme power sum and has played its role in all the major time lines in the history of the nation irrespective of the global and geo strategic positions prevailing at that time. The contrary policies and political issues are dictated to a certain ex tent by the GHQ. This role of Pakistan army in politics, especially in the present sub-continental context, is the major pay off of dissonance with India.Justification of the StudyThe Pakistan Army has been able to influence the political, social and ghostlyaspirations of the people of Pakistan. In doing so it has been able to justify itsinvolvement in almost all spheres of the governance .As a powerful face ,ithas been able to present a picture to the population that in the present scenario it isthe only organization in Pakistan which rear end safeguard the nations integrity andsecurity from the biggest enemy, India. This study proposes to see the correlation surrounded by the Army and the governance and power structure of Pakistan further if itsthis mentality is the root ca phthisis of dissonance with India.ScopeThe study will deal with the historical backdrop and the symbiotic relationship which has emerged between civil and military relations in Pakistan. The role played by army in politics and its incidental effect on relations with India. The study will cover the military regimes in brief along with the three wars and the proxy war in Kashmir resulting in fomenting trouble against India .Method of Data CollectionThe means and sources of gathering culture , which would assisted in comp allowing this paper are appended below-guest speakers .Articles of significance in Indian and Pakistani newspapers.Periodicals and Journals.Books written by various writers in the subject.A bibliography of the above means and sources is appended at the end of the text.Organisation of the DissertationIn the course of the dissertation, the subject is proposed to be analysed in the following parts (a) Chapter II. historical Perspective of Pak Army Ideology.(b) Chapter III. Pak Failed Democracy or State(c) Chapter IV. Wars with India, their impact on policy formulation..(d) Chapter V. Civil Military traffic and their dynamics.(e) Chapter VI. Influence Of Pak Army On Re lations With India.(f) Conclusion.(g) BibliographyCHAPTER IIHISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF PAKISTAN ARMY IDEOLOGYAs we look into the events that unfolded after 14 Aug 1947we would come to the conclusion that very few nations come into public as India and Pakistan came into being. The partition of British india into two independent nations of India and Pakistan has a long and sorrow saga of violence, mistrust, betrayal and a sense of unfullfillment Of the objectives for which this division was sought by their political leaders.The initial problems suck up continued till date and there is little hope for a peaceful, permanent solution.The problems which have become a more or less a permanent feature in relations between the two countries are(a) The territorial claims of J K(b) Disproportionate arms erudition as seen by each other.(c) Nuclear Status.(d) Partition of undivided India.The partition of British India also included division of the Army between India and Pakistan.The war dep artment was split on 19 July 1947 and many units began moving components to the destinations on either side of the border. The problem was non an easy one as the numbers were banging the British Indian Army was 400,000 strong.It was decided that Indian Army would get 2,60,000 with balance allotted to Pakistan. Out of the twenty nine infantry regiments Pakistan received eight a similar ratio of division took place in other fighting arms.The transformation was not easy and in most of the cases it ended in sorrow while in some cases it ended in slaughter although it was not of a soldier killing a fellow soldier. Creation of a new stste did not have an auspicious beginning. It is not surprising that the distrust engendered by mass slaughter has continued to linger on even today.another(prenominal) reason for the distrust formulated in the psyche of the Pakistan was the fact that in the middle of chaos and terror the newborn armies had a tough and challenging task of creating a bala nced fighting forces.India got a large proportion of base installation as most of the stores, depots were located within India.It had been worked out that 170,000 tons of equipment and stores were to be dispatched to Pakistan in 300 train loads actually Pakistan only received three railway wagon loads from India containing obsolete or useless items such as prophylactics left over from early treatment centers set up during the Second World War in Burma as recalled by oecumenical Gul Hassan . This defensive measure of equipment to Pakistan contributed to the rapid souring of relations.The territories were to be distributed by two commissions chaired by Sir Cyril Radcliffe, an eminent jurist who lacked knowledge about the subcontinent. Mountbatten the then Viceroy of British India is supposedly to have used all his charm to persuade the rulers of approximate 500 independent Princely States to accede to India rather than to Pakistan. He succeeded but with three exceptions of Hyderabad , Junagarh and Kashmir.The nawab of Junagarh right away after partition declared accession to Pakistan it was within Indian territory so it accession was not practicable ,as it had only 20 percent Islamic population its accession was not logical either. Hyderabad was also a similar problem as 86 per cent of its population was hindu but Kashmir was a muslim dominated state with a hindu ruler who wanted to be independent.Thus amidst this chaos India did military action in Junagarh after its Nawab fled to Pakistan .The Nizam of Hyderabad Osman Ali had not decided to opt for either of the countries the and there was a standstill which lasted till 13 september 1947 when Indian troops took over the state. Thus,in two of the desputed territories there had been solutions one in Junagarh involved plebiscite favouring India and other at Hyderabad involving military action .The problem of Kashmir was similar but was not solved and has led to was and tension between two countries since then.T he actions by India in Junagarh, Hyderabad and the Kashmir dispute had a very negative effect in the general psyche of Pakistan towards India who now came to be seen as a nation which could use force to re-unite the subcontinent. This fear was the initial trigger in formulation of policies within Pakistan and was instrumental in deciding its international policies and relations .We can argue that these notions were not correct and an extension of imagination by Pakistan but it should be remembered that when it was critical for Pakistan to stabilize its internal situation India ,although was also doing the same within its territories ,was insensitive and committed actions without taking Pakistan into confidence thus augmented Pakistans fears against India.In view of the above arguments it is clear that the problems and the inadvertent actions by India to solve then coupled with the scars of a bloody partition made Pakistan security conscious and its leaders were of the opinion that with a large neighbour who doe not hesitate to use force Pakistans territorial integrity was at a risk. This formulated the foundation of Pakistan policies to be formulated and followed.The policy of leaders, whether civil or military, was to strengthen defense of Pakistan at all conditions and cost. The chaos and internal problems made the political elected representatives dependent on the bureaucracy to run the administration and on the army to safeguard territorial integrity of the nation and maintain law and order . The army should only be called for maintenance of law and order duties only in exceptional cases but in Pakistan it became a regular feature and paved the way for future role which the Army had to play.Although Indian and Pakistani armies had a common origin in the old British Indian Army their employment and conduct differed drastically some differences are -(a) Pakistan Army has been ruling the nation for more than 32 years since it attained independence and so it has acquired great influence and powers within the politics and society.(b) The Pakistan army was created from scratch and it led to a mixed legacy of pride and rancour at having to create a virtually new army in the face of active Indian hostility.(c) The basis of creaton of Pakistan was to created as an Islamic state, so its army had to adapt to Islamic principles and practices and used it to build upon its strength.(d) After partition the responsibility of the defence of the North West marches Provinces was that of Pakistan , changing its entire strategic outlook.The unique feature of composition of Pakistan Army is that it is dominated by Punjabi Muslims. The Pakistan army had something like 60 percent Punjabi Muslims and the next bigger chunk from the North West Frontier Province. Thus, the army came to be dominated by the Punjabi-Pathan, psyche and culture of defiance, unwillingness to accept defeat, and not accepting responsibility for it by transferring it to someone else, further an recommend to dominate, certain recklessness and a deep desire for revenge.As has already been mentioned that Punjabi Muslim officers formed the majority of the Offr cadre and thus acquired a influential position in the newly formed state of Pakistan they stressed that the intrinsic worth of Pakistan was the Islamic typesetters case of Pakistan this was in turn to be reflected in the Islamic character of the military. They propagated , the history of Pakistan had its origin to Muslim dominance in South Asia and Pakistanis were natural conquerors of the region as their purer religion was an asset and their aggressive character. These beliefs led to the belief of the mastery of Pakistani martial classes over Hindu India.Since its inception the military rulers have had a great say in formulating policies ,laws which shaped Pakistans destiny. The Army is dominated by Punjabis which come from affluent land lord ,industrial class ,these classes traditionally have been the ruli ng elite thus the Army officers belonging to these regards military ascendancy of politics not only as a right but as a duty as well. The degree to which military represent interests of others is a moot issue further , the army has steadily extended its field to include protection of the national ideology, as per its own interpretation . Under Zia ideology of Pakistan being a Muslim state changed, in due course of time, to an Islamic polity and now it has further changed to Pakistan being a nation of enlightened moderation. General Zias Islamisation campaign affected both Pakistani society and the Army Zia tried to build a more puritanical and devout Army and allowed some religious groups like Tabligh e Jamat .to become active in the Army.He was also the first Army Chief to attend the annual conventions of this group.Zia religion to be integrated in the syllabus of the staff college and encouraged the study of Islams teachings regarding the conduct of war.The unquestionable milit ary professionalism of the Pakistan army is resultant of the fighting traditions and natural instincts of people of North-West India. The problem of Pakistan Army is that it has a constricted base of its recruitment, and a far larger role is played by tribal and clan factor which tend to deal with apt matters in a similar manner which on a hindsight is constricted ethnic viewpoint. This clan background increases the stress to prove that one is more stouthearted and aggressive than the other, with little consideration to the cost of such action an institute like would have to pay and an example of such foolhardiness in Pakistan Army can be that of the Kargil misadventure undertaken by it on such considerations.The Pakistan army guards their integrity , protects their position in the society, and wants to protect a foundation or an inclination since the day Pakistan was created. Further it has been dynamic in establishment of internal law and order. Furthermore, it has forever rega rded itself as the special expression of the idea of Pakistan, and a few officers have advocated an activist role in reforming the society where it has fallen below the standard of excellence set by the military.The professionalism of the Pakistan army has been strongly influenced by the philosophy of Pakistan. During mid-eighties the army began to assume the role of the only defender of the countrys ideological frontiers. This resulted in change in the social culture of the army, and its officer corps. The Pak army officer corps influences the defense policy as well as politics of Pakistan.The military has maintained its supremacy in politics has been successfully projecting itself as saviours of the state, it has move claim of the sole agency capable of promoting and safeguarding national integration and prevailing only when it becomes necessary to prevent collapse. Post independence, the Pakistan army identified and stressed that Islam was a unifying force. There are regular at tempts by military think tanks to decrease the degree of influence of British Indian army patterns and the need to demasculinize as per Islamic principles. A Lieutenant General involved with training in the army states , Islam is a religion in which certain amount of regimentation is germane. You have a system, a core, so basically therefore, for a Muslim, as I see it he gets a certain orientation, a certain organisation and a certain discipline.General Zia tried to change the ethos of the army, making Islamic custom and teachings part of the armys day-to-day activities. He changed the motto of the army from Jinnahs Unity, Faith and Discipline to Iman, Taqwa, jehad fi Sabeelillah (Faith, Obedience of God and Struggle in the Path of Allah) and even allowed members of the fundamentalist Tableeghi Jamaat to preach at the PMA.Many Muslim officers had to choose between India and Pakistan during partition and a fairly large number chose this option. Most probably they thought that they would have more opportunities in an Islamic state vis a vis a secular res publica having a Hindu majority. The occurrence of partition established the worst doubt of these officers. It taught Pakistani officers one basic rule trust no one in a situation of a Hindu or Sikh vs. Muslim and take nothing for granted, except when you have the force to defend yourself. This suspicion (but not fear) of communal enemies was imprinted on the psyches of almost all officers in the new Pakistan army.Later the distribution of military stores and non receipt of the promised stores from India, Indian actions in Kashmir,Junagarh and Hyderabad, made Pakistan officers formulate a sense of distrust and perception- real or imagined that India was dishonest in its dealings especially when it come to Pakistan are part of the inheritance of the present-day Pakistan army. Pakistani officers of subsequent generations believe in this mistrust of India as a primary postulation, which is as true as the formul ation of their country and it would take a herculean trial of both sides to completely erase this belief from the subconscious mind.. Pakistan Army is perceived to be a highly motivated and a disciplined organisation. The people have conventionally shown great admiration, even high regard, for its officers and soldiers, who have time and again performed when the time of reckoning, come. On the other hand the military leadership has frequently let the military and the country down. Slowly, respect, has been replaced by a feeling of fear and hatred and has generated dialogue on the army and its role in the countrys polity. During the Zia regime in the late 1980s, people were so fed up with the uniform and its interference in daily life that many Army officers desisted going in public places in uniform . During 1990s, hatred of the military was due to the fact that the army was seen encroaching into the commercial life of the cities and even agriculture.Even during the time Musharraf was in power People minced no words when it came to criticizing the military but they taked within the four walls of their houses.They adjusted to the military rule which it seems to have become habit of sorts.